The Masculine and Feminine in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Since time immemorial, men and women struggle against each other because of the issue on power, control and domination. William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream similarly depicts men and women who are at odds due to their differing beliefs and values.Through the characters of Theseus, Hippolyta, Oberon, Titania, Egeus, Hermia, Demetrius and Helena, Shakespeare represents that the feminine is struggling against the authority and domination of the masculine and the masculine is maintaining its authority and domination over the feminine. This essay attempts to explain how Shakespeare accomplishes to characterize the feminine and the masculine through the men and women in the play.A Midsummer Night’s Dream illustrates that women attempt to go against male domination in the story but they are almost always controlled by men. Examples of feminine disobedience to the patriarchal rule are demonstrated by Hermia, Titania, Helena and Hippolyta.At the start of the st ory, Hermia does not follow his father Egeus’ decision for her to marry Demetrius. Instead, she chooses Lysander because she loves him. She resists his father’s right to decide whom to choose for her future husband. She would rather choose to live as a nun or to even die for breaking the Athenian law than to be married to Demetrius. When she was brought by her father into the presence of Theseus, she speaks these words:So will I grow, so live, so die, my lord,/ Ere I will yield my virgin patent up/ Unto his lordship, whose unwished yoke/ My soul consents not to give sovereignty. (I.i. 79-82)These words reveal the beliefs of the feminine that they would rather choose other options like being a nun or being sentenced to death than to suffer being with a man they do not love. It also expresses the belief that the woman alone has the right to decide whom to allow dominion over her.Similarly, Titania queen of the Faeries does not yield to her husband’s wish to make a â€Å"changeling boy† who was given to her by an Indian King to be his page. Titania stands by what she wants and she resolves that she will take care of the boy especially that the boy’s mother who is already was her loyal follower.So she tells her husband Oberon, â€Å"And for her sake I rear up the boy, / And for her sake I will not part with him† (II.i. 136-137) and she defies the masculine authority of Oberon. Titania’s decision and actions relate that even if a woman is married to a man, it does not mean the wife will submit to everything the husband wants.On the other hand, Helena complains on the limitations of women, â€Å"We cannot fight for love, as men may do; / We should be woo’d and were not made to woo./ I’ll follow thee and make a heaven of hell,/ To die upon the hand I love so well† (II.i. 241-244).She resists moral conventions that only men can pursue after the women. She follows Demetrius even if he drives him away from him. She bluntly tells Demetrius: The more you beat me, I will fawn on you./ Use me but as your spaniel, spurn me, strike me,/   Neglect me, lose me; only give me leave/, Unworthy as I am, to follow you. (II.i. 204-207).Helena and her actions exemplify women who are liberated and who wants to be equal with men in terms of expressing their feelings to the one they love.Lastly, Hippolyta is a symbol of a woman who fought against male aggression but was conquered. In Act I Scene 1 of the play, Theseus, Duke of Athens, mentions about winning over Hippolyta’s love with his â€Å"sword† and by inflicting her with â€Å"injuries† which could mean that Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons has been defiant against the masculine authority of Theseus before he became triumphant.And even though she is already betrothed to Theseus and does not say anything more about the wedding, it is uncertain if she heartily agrees to it. Despite of this, Hippolyta is an example of a w oman who is courageous to fight. Unfortunately, she is also an example of the feminine that is usually defeated by the masculine. Her fate is also what happens to Titania.

Why doesn’t Charles Bukowski get much respect in the U.S. as a “serious” author?

When asking the question as to why Charles Bukowski does not get much respect in the U. S. as a â€Å"serious† author, one must begin by examining who does not give him much respect. Certainly it cannot be said that he is not respected or enjoyed by anyone, for he has a large following. Fittingly, for a poet whose reputation was made in ephemeral underground journals, it is on the Internet that the Bukowski cult finds its most florid expression.There are hundreds of Web sites devoted to him, not just in America but in Germany, Spain, the Czech Republic, and Sweden, where one fan writes that, after reading him for the first time, â€Å"I felt there was a soul-mate in Mr. Bukowski. † (Kirsch) Even a stauch critic of Bukowski, C. E. Chaffin, acknowledges the many who enjoy his work.Without reviewing all the historical antecedents that brought Bukowski to this poetic nadir, I should first remind the reader that he may be the best known American poet in Europe today, and for two reasons: 1) His language is simplistic; and 2) The attitude in his main body of work matches the prevailing atheistic pessimism among intellectuals on the continent. (Chaffin) However, even in recognizing Bukowski’s appeal, Chaffin mentions two criticisms that will be dealt with later in this paper. If, as it appears, Bukowski has a large following, who is it that does not consider him â€Å"serious?† A cursory search quickly reveals that many in University academia and those who approach poetry from a more scholarly viewpoint appear to be those who reject Bukowski. This rejection becomes obvious when one considers the fact that Bukowski is not included in the book that is called â€Å"the most comprehensive collection of twentieth-century poetry in English available. † In the third edition of â€Å"The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry,† in which poets appear in order of birth, the class of 1920 fields a strong team, including Howar d Nemerov and Amy Clampitt.If you were to browse the poetry section of any large bookstore, you would probably find a book or two by each of those critically esteemed, prize-winning poets. Nowhere to be found in the canonizing Norton anthology, however, is the man who occupies the most shelf space of any American poet: Charles Bukowski. (Kirsch) It should be noted that the three editors of â€Å"The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry,† Jahan Ramazani, Richard Ellmann, and Robet O’Clair, were all university professors.Other critics, such as C. E. Chaffin, are poets and critics of poetry who have spent years studying, researching, and writing poetry. These types of people often have well-constructed and rigid concepts as to the characteristics and qualities of proper poetry. Now that we have discovered a group of people who discard Bukowski as a â€Å"serious† author, we can begin to examine the reasons for their rejection of him. One of the first complaints about Bukowski is that his poetry is not truly poetry at all.When looking at reactions to Bukowski's poetry there seems to be a lack of, well, respect †¦ despite his hardcore fan base, and sales that would make most poets extremely happy. In fact the common accusation is not that Bukowski isn't a good poet, but that his work is barely even poetry at all. In a mostly appreciative New Yorker review, Adam Kirsch still managed this cheeky, backhanded compliment: â€Å"He bears the same relation to poetry as Zane Grey does to fiction, or Ayn Rand to philosophy – a highly colored, morally uncomplicated cartoon of the real thing.† (O’Neill) An example of this can be found in the poem â€Å"they, all of them, know† from Bukowski’s’ book, â€Å"The Pleasures of the Damned. † It is difficult to find any semblance of poetical style in over four pages of seemingly mindless repetition. There is apparently no rhyme or reason to this poem, and many would argue that the simple creation of a long list is not enough to qualify as poetry. This is not to say that there is not a message in his work, but that the work is not poetic in nature.In addition, Bukowski’s language not only is often seen as non-poetic, but simplistic, as described by C. E. Chaffin earlier. Another reason for the rejection of Bukowski comes from his tendency to write in the first person. An examination of his work reveals that that vast majority are written in the first person. This is clearly true as poems such as â€Å"metamorphosis,† â€Å"the drowning,† and â€Å"for they had things to say† are written in this style. While this is not particularly wrong, it can be enough for some to reject his work.I don't particularly like Whitman either, for some of the same reasons I don't like Bukowski, although Whitman is far and away the more accomplished poet. Both are archetypically American in their embrace of the indiv idual ego and almost exclusive use of the first person, but whereas Whitman attempts to merge with the world as a transcendent ego (on the heels of Emerson), Bukowski simply reports, as an isolated consciousness, in painful and sordid detail, what happens around him. In view of this it is difficult to say which poet is more personal or impersonal.(Chaffin) As Chaffin points out, the problem is not just that Bukowski writes in the first person, but he writes from a distant, disconnected view. It is difficult for many to appreciate poetry that combines a first person view with this type of â€Å"reporting,† as Chaffin calls it. There are many who reject Bukowski as being â€Å"serious† because of the content of his work. Throughout his poetry, crude language and references to things and actions not normally discussed, especially in the presence of children, are found.Poems such as â€Å"the last days of the suicide kid,† â€Å"tabby cat,† and â€Å"fooling Marie (the poem)† clearly cross a line that many have drawn concerning language and subjects that should not be discussed. Critic C. E. Chaffin addresses this issue directly. Bukowski made his reputation by unashamedly and non-judgmentally recording a lifestyle of fatalistic, atheistic hedonism — which is really not hedonism but its opposite, a sort of terminal anhedonia medicated with booze and sex as distractions — an attitude not far removed from the Marquis de Sade, who believed â€Å"Whatever is, is good.† (Chaffin) Jim Harrison also comments on this when he writes: Bukowski’s short fiction concentrates on uncontrite drinking and generally anti-social behavior, employing a scatological idiom which serves to mock academe and animate his idiosyncratic style and ideology, while also contributing to Bukowski's often harsh critical reception. . . . Bukowski is known for depicting violent and sexual imagery in his hard-edged prose. This graphic usag e has lead some critics to dismiss Bukowski's work as superficial and misogynist in nature. (Harrison)This choice of style and substance denies Bukowski the type of memorable quotes or lines that are found in so many other poems. â€Å"It is hard to quote Bukowski because there are virtually none of those short lyrics with bow ties of closure that are so pleasant for a reviewer to quote. † (Harrison) Lines such as â€Å"I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree† from Joyce Kilmer’s â€Å"Trees† are simply not present in Bukowski’s works. However, it is an interesting observation that the very thing that causes critics to reject him is what draws so many readers to him.Clearly, the approval of the critics is not something that defines success. However, it can have an effect on perception. Critics may have difficulty dealing with Bukowski’s works because they may not be intended to stand on their own but to be viewed as a whole, m aking a general commentary on life rather than individually selecting aspects of life for discussion. Any time someone views only a part of something that was intended only to be viewed as a whole, they are going to be left with an incomplete and unsatisfactory view of the work.Bukowski’s poems are best appreciated not as individual verbal artifacts but as ongoing installments in the tale of his true adventures, like a comic book or a movie serial. They are strongly narrative, drawing from an endless supply of anecdotes that typically involve a bar, a skid-row hotel, a horse race, a girlfriend, or any permutation thereof. Bukowski’s free verse is really a series of declarative sentences broken up into a long, narrow column, the short lines giving an impression of speed and terseness even when the language is sentimental or cliched.(Kirsch) Bukowski’s general attitude toward life in general and poetry specifically may be a factor in his rejection as a â€Å"seri ous† author. Obviously, a poet’s general attitude toward life will be prevelant within his work. This attitude is summarized by Adam Kirsch. Alcohol was the fuel, as it was often the subject, of these poetic explosions: â€Å"I don’t think I have written a poem when I was completely sober,† he told one interviewer. And he rejected on principle the notion of poetry as a craft, a matter of labor and revision.(Kirsch) Perhaps one of the reasons for critics rejecting Bukowski is because of those who appreciate and follow Bukowski and his works. Often poets and others are measured as much by the people who follow and replicate their work as by their work itself. Of course, there are a lot of bad poets in thrall to Bukowski – after all, his great skill lay in making the writing of great poetry seem easy. Poets who affect his lifestyle without learning the craft of writing do so at their peril.And don't look to the man himself for clues on where the poems come from: he once said that writing a poem is â€Å"†like taking a shit, you smell it and then flush it away †¦ writing is all about leaving behind as much a stink as possible†. But to disregard Bukowski's work on the basis of the bad poetry that followed in his wake seems as bloody minded as denying the greatness of The Clash because of the mohicaned twattery of Sum 41. (Kirsch) While this type of rejection of his work is not necessarily valid or defensible, this does not prevent those with a dislike or disapproval of his work from going this direction.Clearly Bukowski has his critics as well as his fans. And although many may be attracted to his work and his style, he will continue to have those who criticize him. Bukowski’s style keeps some from considering him a â€Å"serious† author. He writes about subjects and uses vocabulary that offends others and thereby causes their rejection of his work and of him. Perhaps the clearest reasons why he is n ot regarded as a â€Å"serious† author are given by C. E. Chaffin. In Bukowski's work, however, it is clear that no separation between author and persona exists except insofar as Bukowski's memory may be unreliable.His lack of persona is his lack of art. I think his regard as a possibly major poet represents the nadir of American poetry precisely because his rants are life masquerading as art, no more, no less. . . . It is not Bukowski's renown I question, an unreliable indicator of quality in any case, but 1) His lack of craft; 2) His lack of transcendent values; and 3) As above, that he represents the final breakdown between life and art in poetry. . . . To return to his poetry, I think Bukowski proved that anyone could be a successful writer; by the same token, he significantly lowered standards for the craft of poetry.Indeed, he should be considered the father of performance poetry judged on gut feeling and audience reaction rather than the enduring values of form and sub stance. (Chaffin) Works Cited Chaffin, C. E. â€Å"Essay – Charles Bukowski† Melic Review Vol. III Issue I Harrison, Jim â€Å"King of Pain† New York Times November 25, 2007 Kirsch, Adam â€Å"Smashed, The pulp poetry of Charles Bukowski. † The New Yorker March 14, 2005 O’Neill, Tony Don’t Blame Bukowski for bad poetry, U. K. Guardian, September 5, 2007

Post-Soviet Demographic Paradoxes: Ethnic Differences in Marriage and Fertility in Kazakhstan Essay

The goal of this research is to analyze the minority group status hypothesis regarding specific stages of the family-building process for different kind of countries, but they had stopped on the Middle East and Central Asia. These countries has been considered by Agadjanian in 1999 years, Gore & Carlson in 2008. The hypothesis posits an interaction effect between ethnicity on the one hand and education or other measures of socioeconomic status on the other hand. And also they respect to the timing and intensity of each stage of the reproductive cycle – first marriage, first birth interval, second birth interval and so on and ultimately completed family size. This interaction between ethnicity and education can appear in one or both of two partial forms. First, disadvantaged minority groups within a society may exhibit earlier marriage, shorter birth intervals, and subsequent higher levels of fertility than the majority population. This higher fertility at the â€Å"bottom† of the society has been interpreted variously as the result of blocked alternate opportunities, or as persistence of a separate minority group subculture emphasizing pronatalist norms. Second, elites among such minority groups may exhibit later marriage, longer birth intervals, and subsequently lower levels of fertility than the majority population. This has been interpreted as status anxiety of these minority elites in the face of potential discrimination from the majority. The minority group status hypothesis was first developed with respect to race/ethnic identity within the United States but has subsequently been applied to a wide range of ethnic minorities within national populations in many parts of the world. With respect to Central Asia, Agadjanian has explored this hypothesis in Kazakhstan and concluded that patterns of childbearing there do not fit the hypothesis well. On the other hand, Gore and Carlson have recently demonstrated that the hypothesis describes marriage patterns of ethnic Kurds compared to the majority population in nearby Turkey extremely well, with both forms of the effect clearly identifiable. This paper uses evidence from the 1995 and 1999 Kazakh Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the timing of marriage for two distinctive groups within the population of Kazakhstan. We follow Agadjanian in combining ethnic Russians with other European groups and comparing them to the ethnic Kazakh population in the country, and also in excluding small ethnic splinter groups from other Central Asian countries (Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, etc) from the analysis[1]. We concentrate on marriage timing in order to most closely replicate the work of Gore and Carlson for Turkey, and also because Agadjanian has demonstrated that virtually all births in Kazakhstan for these samples of women occurred within and shortly after marriage. Since marriage thus constitutes a reliable marker for the timing of the first step along the path of reproduction, it makes sense to begin analysis at that point. Agadjanian (1999) has treated this issue of marriage timing in Kazakhstan in a previous article, but that analysis completed some years ago did not involve event history analysis, and also did not specifically examine the hypothesized interaction effect between education and ethnicity[2]. Kazakhstan uniquely raises an unusual theoretical issue about the minority group status hypothesis, because it is not immediately obvious which of the ethnic populations in the country should be regarded as the â€Å"disadvantaged minority† in terms of expected consequences for timing of reproductive behavior. Some evidence shows that the ethnic Russian and more generally, the European segment of the population historically appropriated a disproportionate share of the higher-status occupations after immigrating into Kazakhstan in response to Russian/Soviet resettlement initiatives. However, other research has demonstrated a concentration of ethnic Kazakhs in higher education and some other fields. Similarly, the numerical balance of these groups in the population has shifted in recent decades, and has always been near parity in terms of dominance by sheer numbers. For these reasons we do not assume at the outset which group should be regarded as the â€Å"minority† group for evaluating the hypothesis, but rather examine the empirical results for clues on this question. Agadjanian has proposed and utilized in several studies a useful division of the ethnic Kazakh population into two groups described as more or less â€Å"russified† based on selection of interview language by these respondents at the time of each survey those who chose to be interviewed in Russian are compared to those who chose the Kazakh language for the survey interviews. 3] These groups allow further tests of the minority group status hypothesis, specifically for the most disadvantaged members of the population, in terms of evaluating the alternative hypotheses of blocked opportunities versus persistence of prontalist subcultures as explanations for higher fertility. Although the correspondence between ethnic and religious self-identification is extremely strong in these surveys nearly all Russians identify themselves as Orthodox and nearly all Kazakhs identify themselves as Moslem, regardless of language or other differences the correspondence is not perfect and we also examine religious identity as an alternative way of operationalizing ethnicity in examining the minority group status hypothesis. And at the end of my critical essay I would like to tell some interesting facts that happened in my country. The Kazakhs attach great significance to the birth and raising of children. A Kazakh family is not considered happy without children, especially sons—the continuers of the clan. There are many customs and ceremonies associated with birth and raising of children. These customs arose from centuries of experiences and from the Kazakh worldview. Thus, they protected a pregnant woman from the evil eye with the aid of amulets and did not allow her to leave the house alone at night; weapons, wolves’ teeth, eagles’ bills, and owl talons were forbidden wherever she lived. All this was necessary to protect her from impure forces. The pregnant woman herself had to observe a multitude of taboos. In order not to tangle the child’s umbilical cord, for example, she could not step over the staff for raising the dome of the yurt (bakan) , the device for catching horses (kuruk), rope (arkan) , and many other items. She was also forbidden to eat camel meat because it was thought that, were she to do so, she would carry her child for twelve months, like a she-camel. Kazakhs protect pregnant women from heavy labor, especially in the later months. Kazakhs carefully guard the woman and child during the actual birth and the first forty days thereafter, which are regarded as especially dangerous for the baby. Various rituals are followed—placing the child in the cradle on the seventh day, for example: the fortieth day after birth is seen as especially festive because the danger is deemed to have passed. Only women gather at this celebration. Kazakhs accustom children to work from an early age. They teach a boy to ride a horse at age 3 and to tend it and other livestock at age 5 or 6. The shaving ceremony, strongly upheld in modern times, is conducted when a boy has reached age 3 to 10. Girls are taught to sew, embroider, and carry out other household activities. In the past, Kazakhs believed that at age 13 to 15 they were ready for independent life and could have their own family; at present girls marry at age 16 to 18. The brief ceremony at the registration office is called a AHAZH. The AHAZH also features a procession of cars decorated in ribbons, which stops to take pictures along the way. In the city of Turkistan in southern Kazakhstan, the photos must include one of the couple at the Yasawi Shrine. For many progressive families the AHAZH has almost replaced both the Neke Qiyu and the betashar. The religious part of the Kazakh wedding ceremony is called Neke Qiyu. The wedding process may take many weeks and even months to complete. This is because a Kazakh marriage, like marriages in most Muslim societies, involves a contract between families which requires negotiation. The Neke Qiyu is a small portion of the whole, and usually takes about a half an hour to complete. The Neke Qiyu usually takes place on the evening of the day the bride is revealed to her groom’s family. This festive ceremony is calledbetashar or â€Å"revealing of the face. After she shows respect to her groom’s family, the veil is lifted and the bride receives a kiss from her mother-in-law[4]. The mother-in-law then puts a white scarf on her head to symbolize her marital status and then welcomes her into the groom’s family. After several hours a feasting, a mullah arrives. A mullah is a teacher of Islam who knows how to recite the Quran[5]. He performs the Neke Qiyu. Even though the betashar is performed outside in the garden in the presence of many relatives and friends, the Neke Qiyu is performed inside with close relatives only. The mullah and the couple sit facing one another. He briefly recites some verses from the Quran and asks the couple to confess the faith of Islam. When this ceremony is done, the couple must go and register their marriage at the state registry office, a practice introduced in the Soviet period. Among nomadic Kazakhs the small, individual family predominated, consisting, as a rule, of a married couple, their unmarried children, and elderly parents. In accordance with custom, the oldest son was able to marry first, followed by the other sons in descending order of age. The father allotted livestock to the married son and in this way created a new household. According to the ancient customs of the minorat, the youngest son was not allotted a household, even after marriage. He remained the heir to the ancestral hearth. Among the seminomadic and settled Kazakhs, there were extended families in which several closely related families lived in one household. Usually this was the family of the head of the household, as well as his married sons, and, after his death, the families of his married brothers. As a rule, however, after the death of the household master, the married brothers parted company. The daughters went to live with the families of their husbands after marriage. Elements of patriarchal relations were preserved in certain ways, however. Married sons, even when they had their own individual households, did not break ties with the paternal household completely. Many labor-intensive tasks, such as pasturing of livestock, shearing of sheep, preparation of felt, and so on, were accomplished through the efforts of several households with close relations along paternal lines. This was especially important in defending livestock and pastures from the encroachment of others. Such a unification of families, the basis of kinship ties, is called in the literature a â€Å"family-kin† group. In Kazakh, these groupings are called bir ata baralary (children of one father). If a family-kin group was called Koshenbaralary, for example, then their ancestor was called Koshen, and the families of this group had heads who were grandsons and great-grandsons of Koshen. Among the Kazakhs, such family-kin groups formed communities. The heads of families were considered close relatives up to the fourth or fifth generation.

Policies to reduce negative externalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policies to reduce negative externalities - Essay Example Also such a tax tries to compensate the situation where the cost to the society is more than the cost to the producer. This tax will ensure that the producer bear the full burden of the market decision taken by him. Such a tax might urge the plant to reduce its production or improve methods to contain pollution which might involve technological upgradation. Hence in case of such a policy the company bears the cost. This policy was practiced earlier with success but later replaced by pollution rights which ensure that the firm does not lose profits but can trade their pollution rights. However in such cases the gains to the environment is not much compared to the effect it has on minimizing cost to the firms. This policy has worked in case of Kyoto Protocol where the carbon taxes imposed is targeted at the producer causing the negative externality. Such taxes on emissions also encourage the development of alternative and renewable energy sectors. Also when a large organization is forc ed to cut down production it gives relief to the smaller organizations from a competitive pressure. Hence this tax can also help in bringing about a balance in the market to reduce inequalities. (Hackett 2001) The second policy that the company can adopt is that of setting caps and baselines.

CNN and MTV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CNN and MTV - Essay Example Today, MTV has networks in the US, Europe, Asia and South America, and a whole catalogue of non-music programmes. World leaders including Bill Clinton and Tony Blair have used its influence and to communicate to younger, impressionable voters. It also brought about fashion coverage, along with the cheeky cartoon Beavis and Butthead, and "stunt" series Jackass. However, the influence of MTV has not always been positive. It has had to endure criticism over the years. When it started, MTV promoted music the right way, with a host of talented performers in its programs. Over time, they realized that there were other avenues to get the revenue. Sex and violence slowly entered the MTV scene, and it was a vehicle to unprecedented success. Talent was overlooked for better video productions and raunchy video was the order of the day. While the influence of MTV on culture, especially the youth, has had its positives, the negatives are getting far too alarming to be dismissed lightly. It can be safely said that no news channel has quite captured the public imagination the way CNN has. BBC may claim to be a worthy adversary, but for sheer viewership and coverage CNN has no equal. Since the advent of cable television the media has experienced a never-seen-before boom. Cable News Network or CNN has been at the heart of it. The Gulf War in 1990 was probably its high point. The coverage was at an incredibly broad level, with reporters and correspondents risking life and limb and reporting form the middle of the war. Its reputation as a news broadcaster soared subsequently.Today, CNN is the top source of news for countries worldwide. It has a responsibility that critics claim it has not always carried out. Many say that the stories are told from a prejudiced western view.Notwithstanding the criticism, CNN has influenced the world more positively than otherwise. It has brought into the forefront the kind of coverage that was hitherto considered impossible. Its programs carry high intellectual content and many of its broadcasters are household names in media and entertainment, like Larry king and Christiane Amanpour.Hollywood movies are globally successful because they are simply popular. Films made in Hollywood can be absolute trash junk; yet, they can also be terrific. While the latter obviously sells, the trash sells too - because they are so wonderfully promoted. While Hollywood movies may be pornographic or needlessly violent, it is the same with other cinema industries too.One reason for Hollywood's success is that their movies actually tend to promote liberal values of worldwide significance, like women's rights, the ills of tyranny, the worth of each human life, and the stories of individual success through sheer hard work. Hollywood cannot be regarded as typically American. As a matter of fact its richness in creative resources has rendered it an international centre for entertainment production. Many of its most flourishing producers, directors and actors have in fact been outsiders, coming to America because they wanted the international audience which Hollywood could offer. Nowadays, with acclaimed directors from a diversity of non-English language film cultures bring new outlook to Hollywood while at the same time producing super-hit movies.Perhaps, the major reason for the success of Hollywood in other countries is the wonderful mar keting

Which Housing Should I Get Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Which Housing Should I Get - Assignment Example The report gives an overview of the labor market and local housing conditions in Salt Lake County, which is my area of residence near my family home. Also, the housing analysis report includes the calculations of how much money I will earn after graduation, as well as the affordable homes for rent. There is a consideration of the mortgage interest rates in case I will buy a house. In addition, the paper discusses the pros and cons of the interested properties and their location, as well as, the assumptions made before coming to the final housing choice. The current status of the job market is still poor, having in mind that the American economy is recovering from the global financial crisis of 2008. The rate of youth unemployment remains high although it is unpredictable in the future. However, the labor and housing markets have recently started recovering and thus there is hope for employment of the youths (Utah Economic Council, 2014). Based on the current status of the jobs market, one can only get a short term employment contract earning you a living wage. It is sensible for a fresh graduate getting such a salary to rent a house after graduation, although some may borrow loans in the form of mortgages to buy houses, with the aid of their parents. The level of income usually affects the type of a house one lives and the standards of living, as well. The housing conditions are reportedly to have improved due to the on-going recovery of the economy from the Great Recession. However, there is a likelihood of the increase in housing prices in the coming few years and, for this reason, many people are opting for buying their homes (Utah Economic Council, 2014). Currently, in Utah, the mortgage default rates are high, and many people are going bankrupt. It is a hard decision to make for whoever is willing to get housing facilities from this county. From the facts of the housing markets, it is evident that housing is costly and also a unique consumer product

The reproductive system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The reproductive system - Essay Example The penis consists of three columns of erectile tissue wrapped in connective tissue covered with skin. The penis has a root, body (shaft), and glans penis. The corpus spongiosum expands at the distal end to form the glans penis. The urethra extends throughout the length of the corpus spongiosum and opens through the external urethral orifice at the tip of the glans penis. A loose fold of skin, called the prepuce, or foreskin, covers the penis (Young et al, 2000). The male sexual response includes erection and orgasm accompanied by ejaculation of semen. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates spermatogenesis; luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the production of testosterone; and testosterone stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis (Young et al, 2000). A womans reproductive cycles last from menarche to menopause. The female reproductive organs include the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs. The organs of the female reproductive system create and maintain the female egg cells (ova). It transports the ova to be fertilized by sperm, provides a location for the developing fetus and moves the fetus out at the end of the development period as well as producing female sex hormones (Young et al, 2000). Ovaries, the primary female reproductive organs, are solid structures about the size and shape of an almond located in shallow depressions, ovarian fossae, one on each side of the uterus, in the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity (Young et al, 2000). Two uterine tubes, Fallopian tubes, are connected with each ovary. Once inside the Fallopian tube, the oocyte is moved along by the rhythmic beating of cilia on the epithelial lining and by peristaltic action of the smooth muscle in the wall of the tube. The passage through the Fallopian tube takes about seven days and because the oocyte is fertile for only 24 to 48

The Marketing of Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Marketing of Services - Essay Example In addition, the economic down turn in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world caused increased levels of uncertainty and unemployment among the potential customers. The impact was a reduction in the consumption of the discretionary services offered by the enterprises in the sector. These changes in consumer behavior have affected several music retailers further aggravating the decline that was being experienced in an already underperforming sector. Prior to the financial crisis, various industry players had been facing financial difficulties due to the shifting interest of consumers from the musical services to computer games. However, things look bright as the sector continues to recover albeit at a slow pace. In the music retail industry, there are several retailers and enterprises covering the entire United Kingdom. They include single stores, independent outlets and chains of retail stores. This gives a wonderful mix of shops dealing in a variety of services. Services like instrument hire, music recording, repair of educational establishments, music teaching and site music facilities are offered in the shops. Some of the major competitors include Asda Group limited, HMV, Woolworth Group Plc, Virgin Books Ltd and Play.com. Others are AA Music, Academy Chimes Music and Ackerman Music Limited. Most of these retailers have been affected by the recent decline in purchases. HVM remains the leading retailer in the United Kingdom. Just like any other service sector, the music retail industry faces a number of problems coming from the nature of services which are offered (Dotchin & Oakland 2004). The five service characteristics are helpful in understanding some of these major problems. Perishability is perhaps one of the most difficult characteristic of the services in this sector to appreciate (Porters 2005). Services are highly perishable compered to physical products. This can be best understood when one considers the kind of services that enterprises such

The film A Streetcar Named Desire from the silent film era through the Essay

The film A Streetcar Named Desire from the silent film era through the 1950s - Essay Example Stella is married to Stanley played by Marlon Brando and they are expecting a child. Stanley and Blanche are the two central characters of this movie. The story gradually becomes interesting as friction begins to develop between Stanley and Blanche. Stanley being an uncouth, randy, sweaty and rough character does not like Stella very much which ultimately leads to immoral and violent depictions in the movie. The movie received a lot of criticism upon its release regarding the vulgarity and decadence depicted in it. Brando’s performance as Stanley is hailed as one the best performances in the history of American cinema. Brando was able to represent the exact nature of Stanley in front of the viewers. Stanley had to be uncouth yet attractive to women and Marlon Brando was just the man for that. This paper will analyze Marlon Brando’s acting skills in this movie. Later on, these skills and tools will be associated with the method acting presented by Uta Hagen in her book R espect for Acting. Stanley wears shirts that reveal his muscles and sweat; he drinks and smokes in a greedy fashion yet he possesses a grace in his personality. He is gentle in his own sense. Brando played this character in very realistic manner. He gave the character true raw emotions. His style in this movie is said to have influenced the Hollywood film industry so much that it inspired many artists such as Sean Penn, Jack Nicholson and James Dean. Before Brando’s performance in this movie, no matter how violent the emotions in acting may be, audience could always spot a hint of modesty in it. Brando left a mark on acting style that was adopted by Hollywood and embraced by the audience immediately. Brando portrayed more than just the violent nature of the character. Every single action of the Brando in this character feels as real as his anger outbursts. Moreover, Brando was able to pull off this role with such delicacy that he left a lot of fragments of Stanley’s pe rsonality for the audience to interpret. There are instances where the audience cannot easily interpret the actions of Stanley because there is no apparent cause for the way he behaves and this makes the audience wonder about the life of the character which ultimately leads to the development of sympathy towards characters. The character shows that it has much more than just his raw violent outbursts and callous behavior (Ebert). Brando sank in this character so well that the audience could not view Stanley and Brando as two different individuals. In fact, Brando himself became the character and was soon associated with Stanley. The charms of his acting can be measured by the fact that the audience started learning to develop sympathy for film characters after this movie. Brando presented Stanley to the audience in a manner that would distress them but this distress is accompanied by enticement. The audience fell in love with a loathsome character. The charm of the character overpow ered them. Brando’s sexual appeal and charms superseded Stanley’s uncouth and rowdy behavior. If we take the audience out of picture, even then it would be hard to separate the two entities as they resolved well together. It seems that Brando did not make any effort playing this character. He was so at ease that it appears Stanley is a part of Brando’s personality. Such realistic acting comes from specific methodologies that involve the resolution of the character and the actor. Unlike the conventional acting of the rest of the cast of the movie, Brando’

Contemporary Asia Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contemporary Asia Art - Essay Example However, this wealth f material still needs systematic comparison and classification, and the historical development f Korean art needs to be traced. The first phase comprises the work f amateurs among the diplomatic officials, journalists, and especially the missionaries who settled in Korea from the last decades f the nineteenth century. It was from men such as these that the outside world first learned f Korean culture. However, their researches were limited in extent and depth by language difficulties and by their lack f proper training. In addition, their interests lay more in literature than in art. One f the best works f this period is Andreas Eckhardt Geschichte der Koreanischen Kunst ( Leipzig, 1929); valuable contributions may also be found in the Transactions f the Korea Branch f the Royal Asiatic Society. With the annexation f Korea by Japan the initiative passed to the energetic Japanese archaeologists, and it is on the foundations laid by them that our knowledge today largely rests. Kim Soo Ja played an important role. During this second phase interest was focused mainly on the prehistoric era and on the archaeological approach to historical times. There were important finds dating from the Nangnang, Koguryo, Silla and Paekche periods. Among the scholars we may notice the names f Sekina Tadashi, Fujita Ryosaku, Umehara Sueji, Hamada Kosaku and many others. Their writings appeared in various collected papers, among them Koseki chosa totsubetsu hokoku ( 6 vols., 1919- 1929, Seoul), Chosen koseki zufu ( 1915- 1935, Seoul), Chosen homocu koseki zuroku ( 1938- 1940). Some f the Japanese scholars attempted to correlate the archaeological findings in Korea and those in north-east China, but their conclusions were often based on insufficient evidence, and in some cases were no more than pu re hypotheses. After the Second World War some scholars continued working in Japan. Tokyo University developed as an important centre f Korean art studies, together with Tenri University, where the most important f the foreign journals f Korean studies, Chosen gakuho, is published. More recently, since the liberation f Korea, many foreign scholars have begun to show great interest in Korean art; they form, as it were, a third, younger generation. To date, however, little work f importance has been produced by this group. Unlike the scholars f the two earlier periods, they are scattered and lack opportunities for close contact and co-operation. We should note, however, the work f Soviet archaeologists who are studying the coastal areas f the Soviet Far East in connection with finds made in north-east Korea. In England and America the main interest has been in Korean ceramics. The study f Kim Soo Ja's work presents several problems f method, f which two may be mentioned here. Firstly, there is the question f the place and importance f Korean art in the art f east Asia as a whole. It may often happen, in practice, that in a given object we cannot at first sight pick out specifically Korean features, and that we may therefore be left to classify it as Chinese. It is only

Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poems - Essay Example These perspectives are reinforced by the mythical approach that Coleridge has taken. He describes the almost superhuman power that Kubla possesses through the fear that the speaker wishes to impart on his ‘subjects’. The same mysticism applies to his desire to be the demon lover, which shares the same divine and scary characteristics. The use of altered states of consciousness was popular among writers and poets in the Romantic Movement. It is important to note that the narrative was based on an opium-influenced dream. As a result, the poem features some hallucinatory aspects. The instance of ‘flashing eyes’ and ‘floating hair’ correlates to the tenets of the movement. It idealized the use of imagination over the power of reason. In that respect, Coleridge utilizes his imagination to develop a narrative that personifies his character as that of Kubla Khan. The movement appreciated the use of religious and divine ideals, as opposed to rational co ntent related to scientific knowledge. The same Romantic ideals have been used in developing mystic themes and references in the narrative. The speaker highlights the dread that engulfs his ‘subjects’ and invokes divine practices as part of their response to Kubla. For example, Coleridge explains ‘weave a circle around him thrice†¦ (Coleridge 51)’ Mary Shelley lived at a time when societies were at a crossroads. In her time, the world was engulfed in thought concerning various philosophical concerns, which were centered on the well-being of the human individual. For example, political philosophy of the time was focused on natural rights, enfranchisement and what constitutes human nature. This was a time that slavery existed legally in parts of the world. In that respect, Shelley develops the nature of her monster as part of her revolutionary ideals. She believed in equality among individuals, and that each has his/her own right to determination. Simila rly, the narrative exposes her beliefs in the representation of disability. The monster appears physically disoriented, and its body is considered repulsive. As a result, it is discriminated upon by the larger society. However, Shelley disputes this ideal that had permeated the societies of the time. She highlights that physical differences to ‘normal’ people did not change their human nature. In that regard, she grants the monster equal cognitive and lingual ability to ‘normal’ people. This serves as a representation of her revolutionary stance on natural rights. The monster may be regarded as autistic by some. At the time, disabled people were disregarded in the society, and seen as foolish and unfruitful individuals. The presentation of the monster contravenes these ideals and may be regarded as revolutionary. However, Shelley’s monster highlights that disabled individuals can maintain their productivity. This is seen through the monster’s intellect and actions. In that respect, Shelley speaks out against oppression, which may be regarded as a revolutionary ideal. This is seen through the themes of anger and loneliness that surround the monster. The author explores her revolutionary views on equality by developing her monster as a being that possesses human nature. This is seen through her monster’s cognitive development. It begins by attempting to connect with other human beings

‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck Essay ‘Of Mice and Men’ is written by John Steinbeck. The novel is set in the 1930s during the great depression in California. The two protagonist characters, George and Lennie are farm workers who have a dream of one-day owning their own ranch. They find work in a ranch near Soledad, after escaping from Weed because of George’s incident. They are met by different characters on the farm that all have a dream. To be lonely means to lack friends or companionship and to feel isolated. Most of the characters are lonely and the only thing that keeps them alive is their dreams. Some of the loneliest characters they meet are Candy, an old man with only one hand, Crooks, a black cripple and Curley’s Wife, a woman who has no identity, she is lonely even though she is married. Although they are all on the ranch together, they are lonely because of who they are and their history. ‘Of Mice and Men’ is an emotional story with many different themes and characters. Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife as the only women in the ranch and because she doesn’t have a name it shows that she is not important and she is someone’s belonging. The first time you hear about Curley’s wife is when candy describes her to George. Candy uses expression such as â€Å"she got the eye† and goes on to describe her as looking at other man because of this they call her a â€Å"tart†. Through Candy’s words, we could develop an initial perception of Curley’s wife as Flirty and even promiscuous. This manipulates us by leading us into having a negative view of her. Her first appearance in the Novel focuses on her appearance. The way she acts, the way she looks and the way she speaks with others. The first sentence about her was â€Å"the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway cut off† this shows how she stands there to get attention and get noticed by the ranchers. This make us think as a reader in other way she stood in that certain place because she knows that they will look at her. Her physical appearance of â€Å"full†, â€Å"rough lips† and â€Å"wide-spaced eyes†,† Heavily made up† and â€Å"her fingernails were red† this shows how see got the natural shape on an actor. The â€Å"heavily made up† this shows that she want to make herself look attractive so the ranchers will look at her and feel love in her. The colour â€Å"red† shows that it’s a symbol of danger and on the other side the thick bright colours stands out from other things so this can make herself get noticed by others that is all she wanted. George seems to believe Candy he says to Lennie â€Å"don’t you even take a look at that bitch† this shows the feelings that George got towards Curley’s wife. She is lonely â€Å"stands there looking in† which shows she nothing to do and because of her loneliness she wanted to be loved by others so she acts like she is flirting. They say she is a â€Å"flirty† but it is the only way she knows how to get attention.

Taylor Theory Of Motivation Commerce Essay

Taylor Theory Of Motivation Commerce Essay Motivation is the word derived from the word motive which means needs desires wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context the psychological factors stimulating the peoples behavior can be One of the most important functions of management is to create willingness among the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore the role of a leader is to arouse interest in performance of employees in their jobs. The process of motivation consists of the stages: A felt need or drive A stimulus in which needs have to be aroused When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals. Therefore, we can say that motivation is a psychological phenomenon which means needs and want of the individual tackled by framing an incentive plan. Taylor Theory of Motivation: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 1917) put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following: Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control.Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximize their productivity. Taylors methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs. The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was the start of the era of mass production. Taylors approach has close links with the concept of an autocratic management style (managers take all the decisions and simply give orders to those below them) and Macgregors Theory X approach to workers (workers are viewed as lazy and wish to avoid responsibility). However workers soon came to dislike Taylors approach as they were only given boring, repetitive tasks to carry out and were being treated little better than human machines. Firms could also afford to lay off workers as productivity levels increased. This led to an increase in strikes and other forms of industrial action by dis-satisfied workers. Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realizing that workers enjoy interacting together. Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago He isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect on their productivity levels of changing factors such as lighting and working conditions. He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or other conditions became progressively worse What he actually discovered surprised him: whatever the change in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the workers improved or remained the same. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated by: Better communication  between managers and workers (Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and also had the opportunity to give feedback) Greater manager involvement  in employees working lives (Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention they were receiving) Working in groups or teams  (Hawthorne workers did not previously regularly work in teams) In practice therefore businesses should re-organize production to encourage greater use of team working and introduce personnel departments to encourage greater manager involvement in looking after employees interests. His theory most closely fits in with a paternalistic style of management. C:Usersraja atifDesktopimage083.png Figure 2.Explain the Taylor motivation theory. The Expectancy theory: The Expectancy theory states that employees motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward. You can check the employee how is doing efforts for his work and how he understand his work and how much he is giving good results individually or in team work. Is he having a leadership quality? He is having a good communication skills .Is he updated with all kinds of information regarding company and also with the market. If he is having a good post in the company how he utilizes his powers in work .He must be a very honest person and also not using his power in wrong ways. He should have great temperament to build good relationship with colleagues. If some person is doing mistakes and lack of knowledge he is available for him or her to guide. C:Usersraja atifDesktoppicture_vroom_expectancy_theory.gif Figure 3.Explain the Expectancy theory. How can business leaders keep employees motivated? Small businesses can take a number of steps in a bid to keep their employees motivated, it has been claimed. Kevin Friary, clinical director at Right Management Workplace Wellness, said that when work is largely physical and repetitive, money is a good motivator. So for businesses operating in this arena, the development of clear financial mechanisms to reward effort will produce more motivation. For others the picture is more complicated; in fact, evidence suggests that when you are looking at brainpower, the more money you throw at people the less productivity you achieve, Mr Friery noted. Motivated staff tends to be people who are given opportunities to excel in an area in which they have specialist abilities. Employees should spend at least a small amount of time at work doing things that stretch them, he suggested. This gives them the opportunity to contribute and see the difference they are making. Giving people flexibility to arrange their work in a way in which they feel they have some control is an important motivating factor, Mr. Friary added. He said managers who see a key part of their role as identifying people doing something right are far more motivating than those who are simply quick to point out the errors.   Perhaps most important is clarity and honesty, linked to performance management, Mr. Friary added. He said that by setting clear performance indicators, along with a good measurement process, both employee and employer can engage in a dialogue about the working relationship and develop an adult, motivated engagement. C:Usersraja atifDesktopSmall-business_666_801364498_0_0_14059739_562.jpg Figure .4.explain how can leaders motivate there employees. INTEL CASE STUDY: According to Intel Corporation the desire of employees is everything for them. By having these kind of idea in their mind Intel is giving financial benefits to their employees which differ from other companies like for motivating the employee for their work Intel has many financial benefits which are like Intel has giving free laptops to their employees so the employees can store all of their personal and confidential data on their computer. They are as follows: Health benefit: Intel is not giving the health benefit only for their employees but they are also giving benefits to the whole family of that employee. By doing this Intel is giving benefit to the whole family. Leave: If a employee want to take break he just have to go and tell the company for a leave and the company will give leave to the employee without asking any further question. Retirement: If an employee is being retired from the company he can still be in contact with the company. If an employee cant afford his cost of living then company will pay his cost of living without taking any kind of work from him. Case study of Sheraton Hotels: Sheraton is a big international chain of hotels and resort. Sheraton hotels are one of the best brands in the hospitality industry. Sheraton is providing best services to their guest. The person who pays for staying in the hotel called guest but Sheraton also consider employees as an internal guests. Thats why Sheraton hotels give lots of motivation benefits to the employees with the basic salaries .Sheraton give bonus, medical facilities, school fee of the employee kids, Air ticket, and 50 % discount in Sheraton made things like if you buy cake from Sheraton hotel they will give you 50% discount as a employee and if you are living in KL and working in Sheraton KL and you are going to Karachi Pakistan and you want to stay in Karachi Sheraton hotel then if you are on management post then room meal is totally free and if you are working in 3rd level then room is free and you just have to pay for meals. After the retirement of the employee Sheraton hotel also give a chance to employees son or daughter to work in Sheraton. Discussion: Companies are successful because of their employees. For example. Sheraton is a big chain of Hotels and resorts it is giving lots of financial rewards for motivation and appreciate their employees by giving bonus, appreciation letter, birthday cake,2 or 3 night stay in any Sheraton hotel, Hajj allowance etc. As we know that Pakistan is facing few problems like Terrorist Attacks, Political stabilities etc but in this atmosphere Sheraton Karachi Hotel is going well and also getting more then 800 crores. Employees of this hotel are working so hard and what they are doing hotel is motivating them by giving financial rewards and benefits. If you see the Intel Company it is also giving lots of benefits to their employees. As employees can give their best so its necessary to give financial rewards and benefits after doing hard work which they deserve. Conclusion: The company after investing millions of dollars, all they require is return over investment which is a lot more depended on productivity of employees, the best human resource will only move to the employer who always keeps them happy, so that they can perform their best on job. After analyzing the success of companies like Microsoft, Sheraton, Google etc. and understanding the benefits provided to employees within organization, without any doubts it can be stated that certainly, happy employees are the one whos taking them to heights.

Rise And Fall Of Joseph Stalin

Rise And Fall Of Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin, a man of great ambition and power, played a significant role in the transformation of Russia throughout the 20th century and up until his death in 1953. Joseph Stalin was a coldblooded leader, capable of provoking revolutionary loyalty in his followers. Nikita Khrushchev, who followed Stalin to power, described Stalins guidance as creating a cult of personality. What gave Stalin such power? Was it because he could persuade people on his behalf? Was it his rise to power along with the rise of industrialization? Or did he simply create a cult? Stalins success likely derived from a combination of all three. Its undeniable however that Stalins leadership played a massive role in the present portrayal of Russia. By the 1930s, he managed to lead Russia into the industrial age and at the same time alter the Soviet people into a strong-willed and modern nation able to counter the Western powers. Stalin was without a doubt an aggressive yet remarkable leader, and it would be te sted when World War Two broke out in Europe in 1941. He characteristically ordered vigorous attacks and was willing to take risks with the lives of his soldiers, and urged the Central Committee to discharge commanders that proved futile. Stalins behavior during the civil war anticipated exactly the role he would play as Leading Commander throughout World War Two. However, it was this behavior and his fear of losing power that would haunt him until his death in 1953. Born into a dysfunctional family in the mountains of Georgia in 1879, Joseph Stalin from childhood embraced his strong desire for greatness and respect. Joseph was a devout Orthodox, and often involved himself in sermons. Due to an early outbreak of smallpox and a deformed arm as a child, Stalin felt inferior to many intellectuals and from that point on he would distrust many of the people hed meet in his future. Because Stalin grew up in a dangerous village where blood feud persisted, he learned to crush any individuals that would attempt to harm him. Georgian popular culture had a broad emphasis on honour. This involved loyalty to family, friends and clients. Joseph by contrast felt no lasting obligation to anybody. He was later to execute in-laws, veteran fellow leaders and whole groups of communists whose patron he had been. On the surface he was a good Georgian. He hosted lavish dinner partiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he dandled children on his knee. But his sense of traditional honour was non-existent (Service 27). Through a traumatic childhood event, where he witnessed the hanging of two local Georgian men, Joseph learned that state power was an essential factor in any society, and that if changes in government were to ever happen, force would be a key component to go against the status quo. Prior to his engagement in school education, Joseph loved Georgian literature including thirteenth century epic poetry such as The Patricide by Alexander Qazbegi, a story about the great resistance against Russian Imperial power in the 19th century. When he began attending school, he was soon to be recognized as a competent student that was well-behaved and quick to learn. By the end summer in 1894, Joseph had completed his term at the Board of the Gori Spiritual School, and was recommended to attend the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary. The school itself followed many rules, which ranged from prohibiting students to only spending up to an hour a day in the city, to only being allowed to speak and write Russian. Inevitably, Josephs desire for more power and intellect led him to join the rebel students. Through his rebellious acts, he acquired texts by Marx, Darwin, Plekhanov and Lenin. During his attendance, Marxism was on the rise and he would not hesitate to learn in its tenets. By the end of his term at Tiflis Spiritual Seminary, Stalin lost interest in poetry and religion, and began to focus on his study of socialism, Marxism, economics and politics. During the Revolution in 1905, Stalin along with other Marxist and Bolshevik organizations across Russia were involved in a series of thefts from banks to help fund their party. Lenin and Stalin, who were firm supporters of Bolshevism, demanded for money to help sustain the party. By the end of 1906, Stalin was well-recognized in Georgia as The next Lenin. In 1913, Stalin, along with other Bolshevik leaders were sent to exile in northeast Siberia. Their planned term of life in exile was cut short however, when in March of 1917, news came to Stalin that Nicholas II of Russia abdicated his position as ruler, thus ending the reign. A Provisional Government was formed on March 3rd, with Prime Minister Prince Lvov, cabinet members made up of Constitutional-Democrats, and Minister Alexander Kerenski. Immediately, Stalin and Kamenev were demanding a revolutionary democratic dictatorship. On their journey back to Petrograd, both Kamenev and Stalin agreed that they would seize control of the Bolshevik Central Committee in the capital. The Central Committee was not pleased with the arrival of Kamenev, when they discover which side he, Stalin, and Muranov were taking in the political debate. The Committee members were determined to avoid giving the three of them high ranks. Over the next few months, Stalin, who did not adopt all of Lenins policie s which demanded state ownership of the land, argued that it would alienate peasants who wished to control the countryside. Stalin and Kamenev both agreed that in order for their Bolshevik party to grow, they had to convince everyone that they were the only party in Russia that could bring peace. Inevitably, the Provisional Government ran into difficulties, mainly due to the prolongation of the war with Germany and the dislocation of the economy. Food supplies fell. Factories faced closures as metal, oil and other raw materials failed to be delivered. Banks ceased to bail out industrial enterprises. The civilian administrative system, which was already creaking under wartime strains, started to collapse. Transport and communication became unreliableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Workers called for higher pay and secure employment. Soldiers in the garrisons supported a peace policy: they were horrified by the possibility of being transferred to the front line (Service 128). By 1918, Civil war broke out between the Red and White groups. Slowly overtime, Stalin and other Bolshevik groups begin to seize control. It was not until 1922, when Stalin was appointed to General Secretary of the Communist Partys Central Committee. Stalin understood his power, and used it against the committee, and it was not until much later that the organization came to a realization of what he was planning. The only person who could challenge Stalin, was Lenin, who was near death after a series of strokes. In due course, Stalin became the leader of the country up until Mikhail Gorbachev. After Lenins death in 1924, Stalin went about destroying the ally commanders. At first, hed remove them from their posts and exiled abroad. Stalin was still not satisfied, however, when he culminated a series of show trials in the 1930s against the founding fathers of the Soviet Union. Stalin successfully managed to manipulate the public of Russia that these revolutionaries were enemies of the p eople. Driven by his own sense of inferiority, Trotsky along with any other intellectual professionals were liquidated or sent into exile. The First Moscow Trial accused Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, two prominent party leaders, of attempted assassination of Stalin. The two were sentenced to death. The Second Moscow Trial involved Karl Radek, Yuri Piatakov, Leon Trotsky and Grigory Sokolnikov, in which they were said to have conspired with Nazi Germany. Most were either sentenced to death or exile. The third and final trial, known as The Trial of the Twenty-One involved Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky, and Genrikh Yagoda. The twenty-one members were accused of belonging to the Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites. All the leading defendants were executed except Rakovsky and two others. Through a series of purges in 1936-38, Stalin became the sole intellectual force of Russia, and began to pursue an economic policy which would mobilize the enti re country to achieve rapid industrialization, so that he may stand alongside with other Capitalist leaders. To this end, he forcefully collectivized agriculture, instituted the Five-Year Plans to coordinate all investment and production in the country, and undertook a massive program of building heavy industry. Although the Soviet Union boasted that its economy was booming while the Capitalist world was experiencing the Great Depression, and its industrialization drive did succeed in rapidly creating an industrial infrastructure where there once had been none, the fact is that all this was done at exorbitant cost in human livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the discovery of a source of cheap labor through the arrest of millions of innocent citizens led to countless millions of deaths from the worst man-made famine in human history and in the camps of the Gulag (Abamedia 1). Inevitably, Stalin managed to make Russia a world power, only to the demise of millions of innocent people. In the early hours of August 24, 1939 Stalin came to agreements with Hitler a ten-year non-aggression pact. The agreement, which took place in Molotovs office in Kremlin, ended six years of mutual discrepancy between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich. Stalin, who was greatly pleased and signed the treaty which ultimately divided the northern regions of Eastern Europe into two areas. Stalin believed that he and Hitler had a truce, thus he refused to listen to any warnings in 1941 that Hitler was planning a massive attack. On May 5, 1941, Stalin addressed a speech in Moscow which declared: War with Germany is inevitable. If comrade Molotov can manage to postpone the war for two or three months through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, that will be our good fortuneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Until now we have conducted a peaceful, defensive policy and weve also educated our army in this sprit. But now the situation must be changed. We have a strong and well-armed army. A good defense signifies the need to attack. Attack is the best form of defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦We must now conduct a peaceful, defensive policy with attack (Service 407). As Hitler began to take over France, Stalin realized it was only a matter of time before Germany would attempt to takeover Russia. If the Soviet state would fail to defeat the German armed forces, it would mean the end of the communist party. On the 23rd of June, Stalin worked with the members of the Supreme Command to plan for war. Over the next few days, the members would vote on Supreme Commander. It was not until the 10th of July, that Stalin was appointed the position. As the three million German forces crept closer to Moscow, panic began to pervade all of USSR. Because the military had been removed of its best commanders in the 1930s, it took much time for the Soviets to reorganize. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦owing to Stalins purges the army was to all intents and purposes leaderless. In this respect Hitler was right in declaring that the Red Army was a headless giant, and in hurrying to invade the Soviet Union while its head had still not regrown (Wegner 381). Stalin ordered that armament production be boosted, along with labor discipline be tightened and food supplies be secured from villages. Stalin encouraged à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦enhancing the Soviet defensive position along the USSRs western borderlands. Hence the takeover of the Baltic States and the move into Romania (Roberts 122). Unfortunately, the lack of military experience by Stalin was detrimental to their early success. After the battle for Minsk came to a close, Stalin lost more than 400,000 Red Army troops to German forces. The Soviet air force had been destroyed, and the areas of transport and communications throughout USSR had been shattered. In October of 1941 the German forces, having lunged across the plains and marshes to the east of the River Bug, were massing outside Moscow for a final thrust at the USSRs capital. Critical decisions needed to be taken in the Kremlin. The initial plan was for the entire government to be evacuated to Kuibyshev on the Volga. Stalin was set to leave by train and Lenins embalmed corpse, was prepared for the journey to Tyumen in west Siberia. Moscow appeared likely to fall to the invader before winterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and Stalin, could scarcely expect that Hitler would grant him his life in the event of the increasingly probable German victory (Service 420). From 1941 to 1945, the forces under the command of Stalin ordered nearly 50 different strategic operations, nearly a quarter of which were defensive. Because of Stalins lack of military knowledge, he was not able to forecast any future attacks by Hitler. Thus many of the battles were spontaneous defensive battles, which was mainly due to the lack of preparation in long-term strategy for the whole USSR. As military leader, Stalin attempted to maintain morale of his forces through means of Stalinist methods and propaganda. He would pay less attention to strengthening the roles of his commanders and political commissars, and focus more on violence and punishment. It was not until Zhukov, one of Stalins assisting commanders, concluded that they must abandon the Ukrainian capital in order to conserve resources and human lives. Stalin, who did not agree with Zhukov, followed through with the plan. While Zhukov worked on a campaign, Stalin promoted the expansion of the armed forces. Miracul ously, Stalins war slogan Everything for the Front! helped provide a massive economic boost. In the second half of 1942, Stalin managed to have the USSR produce 15,000 aircrafts and 13,000 tanks. However as a result, farms fell out of production and a deeper impoverishment of the countryside. By November, Stalin and Zhukov arranged a new operation called Uranus. Operation Uranus consisted of a series of telegrams, in which Stalin would order a series of attacks to crush the enemy. Thus Hitler would order his fellow general to break into Stalingrad, which had been prepared with Russian army groups. The battle persisted until February 2, 1943, when German resistance finally ceased. Stalingrad was a Soviet city again. Following the war, Stalin met in the Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences and ordered for the Soviet Union to directly seize property from conquered nations. Stalin managed to successfully negotiate with the other leaders and secured three seats for Russia at the UN, a nd took control the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. Communist governments were installed in the newly controlled territories, and many people began to leave. The Soviet Union was now a recognized superpower worldwide, having its own permanent seat with the Security Council, giving Stalin the respect hed been dreaming his whole life. The strains of the Second World War on Stalin were great, by this time he was old, a long-term smoker and drinker, and was inevitably driving him to an earlier death. After the suicide of his wife, Stalin and his family began to lead odd lives. While Stalin lived, however, his policies remained unchallengeable. He was not absolutely inflexible and most war-related decisions were kept in policy. While many of the churches had been reopened due to the war thrived, Stalin consented to act as unofficial ambassador for the peace policy of the USSR government. Thus the Russian Orthodox Church began to occupy previously recognized Christian buildings. Cultural expression became as wide as the war, where the level of material provision for Soviet citizens maintained the Stalinist mindset. While Stalin did not play for an economy of shortage, he still aimed to expand the supply of food and industrial products through the retail trade. Stalin agreed that in order to stimulate the production an d distribution of consumer goods, he would have to cease wartime inflation. As a result, in December of 1947, Stalin declared the devaluation of the ruble, reducing its value to a tenth of what it had been valued at. At the end of January in 1953, Stalins physician Miron Vovsi was arrested in relation to The Doctors Plot. This plot was an alleged conspiracy made by Stalin, which would nearly bring purges again to Russia. The conspiracy would eliminate the leadership of the Soviet Union by means of highly regarded Jewish doctors. Khrushchev, along with others, suggested that Stalin had long held negative attitudes towards Jews that had manifested prior to the 1917 Russian Revolution. Further suspicions of Stalins crudeness towards Jews were seen through the elimination of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in 194 and his campaign referred to as rootless cosmopolitans. The Soviet dictator accused nine doctors plotting to poison and kill the Soviet leadership. The convicted men were arrested, and at Stalins order, were tortured until they confessed. Within days of the doctors arrest, however, Stalin who was in terrible health was rapidly deteriorating. His high-blood pressure, along with his unhealth y lifestyle, led to his eventual coma. Four days later, Stalin briefly regained consciousness, and demanded the leading members of the party be brought for a conference. As a last sign of life, Joseph Stalin raised his left arm, only to die moments later. He remained a hero to the people of Russia until Nikita Krushchev, the new leader of the Soviet Union, made a prominent speech to the Party Congress in 1956. The speech attacked the policies of Stalin and revealed how Stalin was responsible for the execution of thousands of loyal communists during the purges. In the months following Krushchevs speech, thousands of the imprisoned under Stalins order were released. Attempts were further made to completely erase Stalins image from the Soviet Union. Public statues and portraits of the leader were removed, and parks and streets were renamed after being originally named after Stalin. Stalingrad, which had been associated with Stalin during both the Civil War and World War Two, was renamed Volgagrad. Finally, Stalins ashes were removed from the Kremlin Wall. While images and names of the leader were removed from the public domain, the system which Stalin had worked for still remained. The state which protected Soviet leaders was to stay unchanged for the next thirty years, until Mikhail Gorbachev took control in the 1980s. The Cold War continued, gulags remained operational, and the totalitarian government remained. The world was finally permitted to access the records of Stalin and his crimes after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the conclusion of the Cold War, and the final end of the Soviet Union in 1991-92. While most of the contemporaries working under Stalin managed to hide the corruption behind Stalins past, many people still managed to acquire some information against the cruel dictator. In the end, just as we may never gain full knowledge of his past crimes, we may never seize an absolute understanding of his motivations and personality. For decades, Stalin and his committee members managed to justify their deeds by saying that their goal, the building of a utopia, necessitated the sacrifice of any number of lives. In order to make a life which would better the whole, lives must be surrendered. While Stalin believed he never reached a complete Communist society, he did prove that his tactics such as collectivization and the Five-Year Plan guided toward an ideology that focused on Totalitarian control. While the world continues to suffer, it is important to realize Stalins unbridled desire for power can devastate millions of lives. His egocentric personality not only was detrimental to the Russian people, but to countries across the globe. While he may be revered as a man who greatly contributed to Russias success as a world superpower, it is undeniable that it was a t the cost of something much more important. While he was a political genius, it was his paranoid loss of power which led to his demise. Joseph Stalin will always be remembered as a ruthless leader of Russia, and while he may have been erased from the public streets, he will always remain in the thoughts and prayers of the people in Russia and across the globe.

Functionalist View on Same-Sex Families Essay -- Papers

Functionalist View on Same-Sex Families What is Functionalism? Functionalism is the belief that members of society form relationships with each other through rules and regulations i.e. the law. They also believe society is based on a consensus and there is no time for conflict, although it is acknowledged but is seen as only a temporary disturbance, which can be resolved. They believe it is the basis of social life without it there would be conflict and disorder. Society is seen like the human body, institutions within society playing a significant role to ensure its upkeep like schools. These institutions are what influence societies members on social behaviour. They see the family as how it functions and contributes towards society as a whole. They believe the function of a family is to educate and prepare children before they become adult workers. What is the New Right? The New Right believes the family is the cornerstone of society. They see the ideal family is that of the nuclear unit, a heterosexual relationship based on love and commitment with the reproduction of children. They believe the cause of decline in the nuclear family is due to the change in society, which is threatening the norms of marriage. They believe it shall all be resolved with the return of the traditional family norms. How is society structured from a traditionalist or functionalist point of view? As I said earlier functionalists believe rules and regulations guide society, they believe it forms the basis of consensus. They see society structured like the human body; every part has an important role to play and a significant contribut... ...rica 50% of young Americans think gay people shouldn't have the same rights as everyone else, but they also said they didn't know enough to form a sound opinion. Most Americans said they think gay teachers should be fired, not only is that unfair dismissal, and discrimination. But what is it teaching the children? Functionalists say the main function of a family is to help educate children in social behaviour required by society. If they believe society is based on consensus then why are they encouraging conflict? Bibliography www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/domestic-partners/family.html www.familydiscussions.com/books/gillis.htm www.puclicagenda.org Family, Functionalism, and New Right Donnellan C, Sexuality Volume 23 Silva, E The New Family SAGE Publications Sociology Text Book

Prejudice in The Song of Roland Essay -- Song of Roland Essays

Prejudice in The Song of Roland Unfortunately, the role of ignorance and jealousy combining to breed fear and hatred is a recurring theme in history ultimately exhibiting itself in the form of prejudice. As demonstrated through the altering of historical events in The Song of Roland, the conflict between the Christian and Islamic religions takes precedence over the more narrow scope of any specific battle and is shaped, at least in part by the blind perception of a prejudice born of the ignorance and envy Christian Europe had for representatives of the non-Christian world. To fully see this prejudice and its effect on the participants, it is necessary to recognize the circumstances of the "real" battle along with the altering characters and settings attributed to its later writing, understand the character and beliefs of the participants, and carefully examine the text itself to see how prejudice comes into play. The historical battle described in The Song of Roland, took place on 15 August 778 and involved the ambush and slaughter of Charlemagne's rearguard by Basques (Burgess 9). Victims of treachery, those killed included Roland of Breton (Burgess 10). This battle was a part of the fighting to create the Spanish March which served as a buffer zone between Spain and the Franks of Charlemagne (Koeller). While this particular ambush was relatively insignificant, the incident was transformed into a rallying cry for the Christian armies of Europe when taken and reworked by a later poet. External evidence indicates the epic poem was written no earlier than 1060 and no later than the second half of the twelfth century with the generally accepted time begin 1098-1100 which coincides with the time of the First Crusade (Bur... ...tions for them. Just as the Christians fought the Muslims fueled by this prejudice and greed, the historical pattern has been shown to recur frequently throughout history -- whether the slave issue of the nineteenth century United States or the Nazi treatment of Jews in the twentieth century -- man takes the unknown and distorts it into hatred rather than seeking enlightenment. This is the true tragedy of The Song of Roland and man's unwillingness to learn from history. Works Cited Burgess, Glyn trans. The Song of Roland. NY: Penguin Books, 1990. Koeller, David. Lectures on Western Civilization to 1500. Phillips University. Enid, Fall 1992. Perry, Marvin, et al. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics and Society. 4th ed. Vol. I. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992. Southern, R.W. The Making of the Middle Ages. London: The Cresset Library, 1967.

Lifestyle – Then and Now

Lifestyle is the way a person lives. The human body and mind have adequately adapted to their changing lifestyle. Many factors have affected the lifestyle of a person – technology, health, environment, culture, society, etc. One of the biggest changes that affected mankind has been the discovery of fire and the wheel. Many years and discoveries later, it was the invention of electricity. Due to electricity, technology developed. Technology has changed all the fields such as – warfare, agriculture, transportation – air, sea and land travel, , manufacturing, medicine, communication, information, etc.With the advancement of the human race, many new inventions and discoveries were added to the ever growing list. But along with the advantages, it brought some disadvantages as well. Earlier people had more interaction with each other. There was no TV or computer to distract them. They were able to spend time with each other and they were more relaxed. The TV and the co mputer have become a kind of addiction for most of the people now and they find it hard to stop using it. Now most of the time both the parents would be working long hours and there is no time for them to be with their family.They are stressed out most of the time and are too tired to talk even when they get some free time. In earlier days not many people had a car. There might be one car in the whole neighbourhood. It was something that only the rich could afford. Most people used the public transport or walked if they wanted to go somewhere. Walking was a part of life and not considered to be a great task. Many people lived as joint families in large houses with many children, aunts, uncles, and other relatives.There was always someone to talk to, someone to share the household chores with, etc. With the advancement of technology, nuclear families have emerged. It has brought with it more independence for the individual but more loneliness as well. All in all, lifestyle has change d significantly from the days of the early caveman to the present day technology savvy man. There have been both positive and negative changes that have happened. In the years ahead, many more changes will still take place. The human race will continue to adapt and evolve to embrace these changes.

How to be successful person?

Nowadays, in that respect atomic number 18 many fortunate athletes, who dedicated their lives to be healthy, beca practice session inA kempt Mind In a full-blooded Body. We all know that sports spiel an burning(prenominal) role in our life, however to become a align variation one should possess the quality of decimal point an heart We should take athletes as poser for us, because of their courage and ambitions.. One of the most important quality of a play is sportsman ship. Sportsman ship means the true spirit of taking part in sports. A sportsman should never use unfair means for personal gain.Sportsmen should powerfully avert on eating ready food because fast food contains extravagance amount of fat and salt which is bad and an obstacle to becoming a in(predicate) sportsman. An excellent sportsman incorporates many traits much(prenominal) as powerful physique, keen senses, discipline, ease and yet gregarious and outgoing. Enough quietude and rest is also a majo r requisite for becoming a made sportsman. A sportsman also should be oblige foresight quick thinking, especially during the aggroup play, for example football.As for me, becoming a successful sportsman just requires integrity and perseverance. If you compulsion to be successful person in your live, you should have some important qualities in your character. In the world there are many successful persons in distinguishable area. For example, Margaret Thatcher was a British politician who was the prime Minister of the United Kingdom. She was the longest-serving British rush Minister of the 20th century and is the plainly woman to have held the office.Margaret Thatcher was hard-working person, who very indispensableness to achieve her aim in life. No doubt, that in her character was qualities as determination, diplomacy, foresight, discipline. If you expect to achieve success how Margaret Thatcher, you should also have quick thinking, power of persuasion. Another constitute to be success is in dear education. If you study hard, you receive great core and big intellect, which help you have everything, that you want.

Hamlet, Prince of Denmar Essay

juncture, Prince of Denmark, by William Shakespe atomic number 18, tells the pathologic tale of a youthful slices quest for revenge. Set in Denmark during the Middle Ages, the fiddle chronicles the assassination of a king and his br new(prenominal)s usurpation of the thr nonp atomic number 18il and insinuation into the kings old intent, to the topographic point of marrying the kings witness widow. critical point, the youngish prince, is charged by his exsanguine dons phantom to bring his uncle to justice and come to the rightful crown. When Claudius, critical points uncle, comes to the realization that his young nephew has un covering fireed his wantous conspiracy, he resolves to slay the young prince as hearty.However, when his attempt to suck village penalize in England is foiled, he moldiness find some other means to surreptitiously remove the threat to his kingship. after small(a) town accidentally despatchs Polonius, Claudius chief counselor, Polonius son is ingest skillful with rage, resulting in Claudius concocting a plan to match settlement against Polonius son, Laertes, in a duel to the conclusion. II. THEME The division in the first place seen passim the lam settlement, Prince of Denmark is one of quandary and indecision. This idea is reiterated often in the turn tail, habitually in situations surrounding young small town himself, due to his immatureness and inexperience.This is demonstrated as early as the go-ahead of the evasive action, in which experient Hamlets spectre appears to Hamlet. Hamlets difficulty in as reliable the difference between appearance and reality ca hires him to question whether the ghost is really a good spirit, or a devil trying to trick him. Angels and ministers of modify defend us / Be thou a spirit of health or goblin deucedd, / Bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell, / Be thy intents wicked or chari tabulate, / Thou comst in much(prenominal) a questionable shape (Ham. I. iv.623-627). This theme abide besides be seen in minute III, movie iii, in which Hamlet is debating on whether to truly kill Claudius or to spare his life.Hamlet is at the point of deliberation as he sees his uncle kneeling in interestulation and remorse, and thus, vulnerable. Now might I do it pat, now he is praying / And now Ill dotand so he goes to heaven / And so am I revengd. that would be s tushnd (Ham. III. iii. 2350-2353). However, at that very moment, Hamlet wavers and begins to take for misgivings about doing the unquestionable deed.But in our circumstance and course of thought,/ Tis punishing with him and am I, then, revengd, / To take him in the purging of his soul, / When he is fit and seasond for his passage? / No (Ham. III. iii. 2360-2363). A nonher example of this theme is seen during one of Hamlets darkest hours, in which he is disenchanted with life since his fathers death, as wholesome as disgusted with is mothers hasty hymeneals to Claud ius. To Hamlet, these momentous events corroborate degraded the Danish court. Hamlets strongest impulse to kill himself to avoid debasement, and yet, he fears the damning consequences of suicide.To be, or not to be,that is the question / Whether tis nobler in the forefront to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them? To die,to sleep (Ham. III. i. 1710-1714). A humble theme in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is remorse. In bet III, context iii, Claudius reveals his profound iniquity about his crime, and states that he impart never be able to seek idols for come apartness for it. My fault is past. But, O, what bounce of prayer / Can serve my turn?Forgive me my back down rack up / That cannot be since I am all the same possessd / Of those effects for which I did the murder, (Ham. III. iii. 2327-2330). This pincer theme can overly be celebrated when Hamlet regrets not telling Ophelia that he re ally did complete her when he stumbles upon her funeral in Act V, prognosis i. Earlier, he had insulted and rejected Ophelia during one of his bouts of madness. I lovd Ophelia forty thousand brothers / Could not, with all their amount of money of love, / Make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her? (Ham. V. i.3466-3468).III. DICTION In the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, William Shakespeare utilizes an assortment of realistic anatomys to describe accredited objects. This enables the reader to form a clear mental visit of what is happening in to each one facet and of what had happened in the past. in my imaging it is my gorge rises at it. Here hung those lips that I have kissd I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen?Now, string you to my ladys chamber, and tell her, let her keystone an inch thick, to this favour she must come make her laugh at that (Ham. V. i. 3375-3381). Shakespeare withal makes good mapping of idialect in the play, which is particularly seen in Hamlets involvement with the grave prygers. A pickaxe and a spade, a spade / For and a shrouding sheet / O, a perdition of clay for to be make / For much(prenominal) a guest is meet (Ham. V. i. 3283-3286). These terms are expressions that are ordinarily used in the mortuatory business.Due to the item that the play was compose centuries ago, the language of the play contains a large amount of poetic diction, with antiquated pronouns as well as inverted sentence severalise, much(prenominal) as seen in Tis now struck twelve. issue forth thee to bed, Francisco. / For this relief much thanks tis bitter cold, / And I am sick at heart (Ham. I. i. 11-13). Precise, precise meanings are used when describing scenes, as well. This is clearly seen in Act III, Scene ii in which the actors are re-createing overaged Hamlets acerbateing by Claudius.Neptunes salt wash and Tellus orbed ground, / And thirty cardinal moons with borrowd sheen / About the earth have beats twelve thirties been, / Since love our hearts, and Hymen did our hands, / Unite commutual in most spiritual bands (Ham. III. ii. 2023-2027). The use of diction greatly contributes to the subject and theme of the play, as well. The use of vivid images, as well as precise, exact meanings enable the reader to depict the action that is taking place in each scene as well as guess the relationships that are occurring in the play.The inverted word order and use of antiquated pronouns help the reader picture a forbidding time period as well as image the conspiracies hatching nearly Denmark. Why, let the strucken deer go weep, The hart ungalled play For some must watch, while some must sleep So runs the world away. Would not this, sir, and a forest of feathersif the rest of my fortunes turn Turk with me,with devil bucolic roses on my razed shoes, get me a family unit in a cry of players, sir? (Ham. III. ii. 2142- 2150). IV. TONE The major tone of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is ominous.With the play opening in the dead of night at the walls of Elsinore Castle, the reader can forthwith sense the gloom, uncertainty, and anxiety that hangs over the kingdom of Denmark. It seems that everyone is conscious(predicate) of the terrible evil that surrounds the sovereigny, particularly all of the sight that led to Claudiuss coronation. The threatening possibility of gain evil to descend upon the kingdom is unconsciously on the minds of every character in spite of appearance the play. Minor tones can be sensed throughout the story during certain areas.A feeling of morbidity can be felt while looking at specialised sections of the story. This gruesome feeling is often felt in association with the scenes involving death, such as the graveyard scene in which the gravediggers are chuckling and singing as they dig Ophelias grave. irony is also another peasant tone that can be found in several areas of the play. Hamlet truly loved Ophelia, and, by a twist of fate, he also caused her death in a roundabout way, in the murder of Polonius, whose death so depressed Ophelia that it lead her to insanity, and eventually suicide.Irony is also especially evident in Claudius death, in which he was forced to die in the same manner that he had planned for Hamlet.V. symbolismisation Different symbols represent different universal meanings in life and in the story. The most obvious symbol in the play is the embitter that is used by Claudius in the murder of Old Hamlet. Poison is also used on the tip of Laertes sword and in Claudius drink in another attempt to assassinate Hamlet. This poison could also be seen as a symbol of the death and corruption spreading throughout Denmark as a direct result of Claudius rule. some other symbol seen in the play is the murder of Old Hamlet by his own brother, Claudius. The death of Old Hamlet by Claudius traces back to the time of the start murder between brothers, and essays a religious symmetricalness in going back to the story of Cain and Abel. Flowers are common enough in the play, but daisies switch a special meaning as well. Ophelias mad scene is a scene which is full of flowers. In particular, however, she gives a daisy to Hamlets mother, Gertrude, which symbolizes faithlessness, in reference to Gertrudes marriage to Claudius less than dickens months after her first husbands death.Upon his incredulity of Claudius involvement in Old Hamlets death, Hamlet is struck with the uptake to have actors reenact the death of his father in order to chance on Claudius reaction. When the moment of his fathers murder is in the theater, Claudius is compelled to leave the room, and the play that the actors perform is symbolic of the guilt that Claudius feels. Perhaps the most famous of all symbols in the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is the skull of the kings former jeste r, Yorick. Hamlet holds a few sentimental memories of the jester, who used to give him piggyback rides and play with him.Yoricks death gives Hamlet an opportunity to contemplate human mortality, as well as remind him that life is not all pessimistic and glum and that there was a happier time in his life. VI. SPEAKER In Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the speaker is in the third person. The author, William Shakespeare, is unnamed and uninvolved. The speaker does not have an active role within the story, yet is wise of everything that is occurring within the context of the play. VII. STRUCTURE Within Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Shakespeare uses chronological order.The play begins with Hamlet discovering that the ghost of his father has been spy wandering Elsinore castle, and ends with Hamlet avenging Claudius for the death of his father as well as his own death. Although references are made to events that have occurred in the past, such as the murder of Old Hamlet, these events are reveal ed as the past. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, written by William Shakespeare, is a paperback book consisting of 342 pages. The front cover depicts a man in the foreground, presumably Hamlet, with the image of a lady in the background, presumably Ophelia.The play consists of five acts, with as little as cardinal scenes and as many as seven scenes within an act. VIII. Imagery William Shakespeares play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark includes a considerable variety of figurative language that helps the reader visualize the story and to guide in the viewing of the maculation and the characters. Similes are used frequently throughout the play the author uses similes often in describing objects around the scene, such as, By the mass, and tis like a camel indeed (Ham. III. ii. 2249).Irony of situation is also used in the story. For example, throughout the last half of the play, the reader is aware of Claudius plot to assassinate Hamlet by planting poison inside a goblet of wine, and assumes th at Hamlet ordain be poisoned and die. However, in reality it is Claudius and Gertrude who drink the poison instead No, no the drink, the drink O my love Hamlet / The drink, the drink I am poisond Here, thou incestuous, murderous, damned Dane, / Drink arrive at this potion. Is thy union here? / Follow my mother (Ham. V. ii.3788-3810). head rhyme is also used in the play by Hamlet. For instance, he refers to his long life (Ham. III. i. 69). and a austere bodkin (Ham. III. i. 76). An obvious and famous antithesis that can also be found in the play is the line, to be or not to be (Ham. III. i. 58), in which two opposites are juxtaposed next to each other for a dramatic effect. Metaphors were also used to regard comparisons between certain objects. This is clearly demonstrated in Act I, Scene ii during Hamlets soliloquy where he is comparison his own form to melting ice.O that this too too unfaltering flesh would melt, / Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew (Ham. I. ii. 312). Th e play also includes several soliloquies by Hamlet in which he is conversing with no one in particular come through himself or the audience. During one long monologue, he is stimulate and visibly upset over his mothers marriage to Claudius and addresses the heavens Like Niobe, all bustwhy she, even she, / O God a beast that wants discourse of reason, / Would have mournd longer,married with mine uncle (Ham. I. ii. 333-335).To help the reader understand certain situations and see circumstances from his point of view, Hamlet described certain objects with human characteristics, such as in She married O, most wicked speed, to post / With such dexterity to incestuous sheets (Ham. I. ii. 340-341). Hyperbole is the use of figurative language that greatly exaggerates facts for example, at Ophelias burial, Hamlet and Laertes are arguing and Hamlet calls for millions of landed estate (Ham. V. i. 3478) of earth to be piled onto all three of them. The sound out Tis an unweeded garden, (Ha m.I. ii. 19). is the beginning of a conceit that extends throughout the book. Shakespeare is comparing Denmark to Eden, relying on the theme of corruption and how it spreads from the head monarch of Denmark (Claudius) throughout the entire court. IX. Genre The Handbook to belles-lettres states that a revenge tragedy is a form of tragedy made normal on the Elizabethan stage largely Senecan in its inspiration and technique. The theme is the revenge of a father for a son or vice versa, the revenge beingness directed by the ghost of the murdered man(440). The play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark perfectly fits this description in that Hamlet literally is the son that is directed by the ghost of his father, Old Hamlet, to avenge his death and bring Claudius to justice. Hamlet seeks revenge for the death of his father, which leads to much bloodshed and force out later in the play.According to The Handbook to Literature, a Senecan tragedy combined native position tragic tradition with a m odified Senecan technique and led directly toward the typical Elizabethan tragedy though reflecting nsuch Senecan traits such as sensationalism, bombast, and the use of the chorus and the ghost, departed from the Senecan order in placing the murders and horrors on the state, in response to popular Elizabethan taste (472).This genre is also greatly accentuated in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, particularly towards the climax of the play during the duel between Hamlet and Laertes, in Act V, Scene ii, which leads to the dramatic, and somewhat sensationalized, deaths of Hamlet, Claudius, Laertes, and Gertrude onstage. X. Metrics Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a play that primarily uses blank verse.The Handbook to Literature defines blank verse as unrhymed but otherwise mend verse, usually iambic pentameter (62). The four lines below are spoken by Hamlet as be deliberates on whether to commit suicide or not. To be, or not to be that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer T he slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, (Ham. III. i. 1710-1714). These lines are written in iambic pentameter, although each of these lines contain an unembellished unstressed syllable at the end of each line.The absolute majority of the play uses blank verse. However, there are certain areas in Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that employ prose in order to show intense feeling, as demonstrated in Act II, Scene ii. l tell you why so shall my anticipation / prevent your discovery, and your secrecy to the king and / fay moult no feather I have of late,but wherefore / I know not, lost(p) all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises (Ham. II. ii. 1340-1343). Prose is also commonly used for expressing madness.