Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Youth Education Essay The entrance to a top notch instruction has become a significant issue for some, creating school locale in the United States; all the more critically, access to an excellent youth training is considerably additionally constrained to numerous families due to an absence of access, but since of an absence of assets in the United States government funded educational system. As of now, youth training isn't accessible for each understudy in the nation and isn't all around bolstered, however creating research around these youthful understudies has demonstrated that a youth instruction will add to higher graduation rates, diminished crime percentages, higherâ annual compensations, and a 8:1 profit for financial dollar venture all through their lifetimeâ€thus delivering top notch residents. Along these lines, discretionary youth instruction projects ought to be financed at both the state and government level and generally bolstered. Regularly, youth instruction is focused at three to five-year old kids before entering grade school, yet many exploration studies and projects will recognize youth care and training similarly as significant for this age bunch all things considered for youngsters as long as eight years old. Projects for these kids can be either school-based or focus situated in urban orâ rural zones (Early Education for All 2011). Every year among birth and the age of eight denotes a period of exponential cerebrum development and serves to establish the framework for ensuing learning and advancement. Since these years are set apart by amazing mind development, youth is the prime age time frame for youngsters to get quality training (National Education Association ! ROIGER! 2! 2014). It appears as though it is practically obvious, a quality youth instruction ought to be accessible to all offspring of the United States so as to help fabricate future cultural donors. Spodek and Saracho’s book, Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children, comes to past its title and addresses the hypothesis and practice of youth training. The creators characterize these three territories as free pieces in society’s points of view, yet interrelated as a general rule. Since the beginning, youth training has been rehearsed for any longer than it has been explored. Until the most recent 50 years, when youth instruction turned into an intriguing issue in many subsidizing discusses, not a ton of specialists had started any investigations. As earlyâ childhood instruction advancement turned out to be increasingly well known because of formative brain research premium, Spodek and Saracho began to distinguish the chain of steps in growing youth training in the United States and venture assets to prepare instructors (Spodek and Saracho 2006). A significant worry of youth instruction specialists in the United States is the absence of subsidizing, backing, and assets accessible to permit these childcare projects to restrain development. In the previous barely any months, financing has been hard to get in view of sequester cuts in federalâ government subsidizing, yet it has been significantly progressively hard to get state financing in light of the absence of capacity to obtain cash at the state level or find new income. The help for youth instruction is right now restricted on account of the scant data known to the general population about this issue. Youth instruction is in certainty an exceptionally bipartisan issue, in spite of more activities from liberal people to make these projects a reality. The issue with supporting youth instruction programs is that most constituents are uninformed of the effect it reallyâ has on our general public. ! ROIGER! 3! W. Steven Barnett of Rutgers University Center for Early Education clarifies youth training from his aptitude in part one of School Reform Proposals: The Research Evidence. Kids associated with the examinations inside the principal section had a burden contrasted with normal understudies and were bound to rehash a review or bomb a class. Exploration from the Child Parent Centers in Chicago inspected 1,500 youngsters ages three to nine with broadened rudimentary projects; the outcomes that returned were more than consoling. Studentsâ who took part in the program were more averse to be set in a custom curriculum, rehash an evaluation level, or be put under adolescent capture. Furthermore, these understudies set higher on perusing and math arrangement tests, and they likewise had a higher graduation rate contrasted with the other experimental groups. The exploration recorded that accomplishment holes were stunningly better for this gathering if understudies were from high-destitution neighborhoods. Barnett underpins youth training extending to discretionary ordinary tutoring before kindergarten, and records constructive outcomes on a child’s long haul social and financial turn of events. (Molnar and Barnett 2002). Soni Sangha, delegated a white collar class relative of New York City, composed for a section in the New York Times about her battles finding reasonable access and accessibility to an open preschool program for her firstborn youngster. Sangha isn’t alone; a few families are being dismissed to a government funded school youth training as a result of absence of assets to instruct all kids in the territory of New York. These families are being constrained in a community youth instruction, which includes the dynamic interest of guardians giving offices and materials toâ a gathering of youngsters at the most reduced viable cost conceivable (Sangha 2011). While this technique for instruction is positively gainful and superior to no instruction at all for small kids, Barnett’s ideal youth suggestions remember prepared experts with four year certifications for the field teaching these young (Molnar and Barnett 2011). Nonetheless, in light of the fact that Sangha’s family ! ROIGER! 4! didn’t approach open early training program, they needed to agree to not as much as what they were seeking after. Craftsmanship Rolnick is the senior individual and co-executive of the Human Capital Research Collaborative in the University of Minnesotas Humphrey School of Public Affairs, just as the previous chief of examination at the Federal Reserve Bank in Minneapolis. Rolnick started his work in youth instruction nearly on mishap; he was enrolled hesitantly to sit on the board for a youth association known as Ready4K. Rolnick promptly observed the advantages of this early instruction, mentally as well as strategically (Schmickle 2012). As master market analysts, individual associate Rob Grunewald and Rolnick found that great educationâ for hindered small kids made a 16% financial yield with swelling balanced rates (Rolnick and Grunewald 2003). The realities happened over one longitudinal investigation as well as four longitudinal examinations. Each investigation returned with reliable outcomes: youth training is a great wellspring of open venture. The capstone of these examinations, known as the Perry Preschool study, found that each dollar put resources into one specific oppressed preschool program yielded more than eight dollars consequently. A similar report again discovered lower captures, higherâ salary income, more graduations, and by and large better learning accomplishments over the training framework all through basic and auxiliary tutoring (HighScope 2005). Youth instruction can have a noteworthy effect practically directly after birth if a specific individual requests it. For instance, a CBS Denver paper featured Elle, who was an ordinary infant. Notwithstanding, when she turned 1 ? a long time old, she began to require more books, games, consideration, and communication. Her folks settled on a blameworthy choice of marking her awake for two days of school every week despite the fact that she had an amazing remainder to go to class. Following a little while in the program, the guardians felt no regret as Elle began to flourish in her study hall. Elle’s ! ROIGER! 5! guardians later even depicted it as probably the best thing they could have accomplished for Elle (CBS Denver 2013). This Denver little child demonstrated that early instruction could have an effect at the speed of which the mind creates, and the arrangement is to ensure each family approaches this preparation and improvement of youngsters. Another worry that has as of late been on the ascent in youth training is holding people to work in these childcare programs. Like some other instructor or care laborer, low compensations don’t help to pay potential understudy credit installments among a large group of other budgetary commitments. As per the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development, pre-teachers gain a normal of $15. 74 every hour and childcare laborers get about $10. 50 every hour. Indeed, even bank employees and janitors acquire more cash on normal every hour than a childcare laborer at $11. 91 and $11. 65, individually. Since pay is low, request is high. There are 28,422 childcare laborers just in Minnesota and that number is hope to increaseâ by about 25% in the following decade (Regan 2013). Due to this interest, prepared childcare laborers and instructors are required notwithstanding money related help to make youth training an open reality for any family who wishes to enlist. Youth instruction is a developing pattern in our general public, and the entrance to it has become a developing issue. Subsidizing is the best answer for this issue, yet change may likewise help assume a significant job later on. Different states, for instance, have begun to assign assets diversely in their initial learning programs. In 2005, Maryland selected an executive of early learning, whoseâ job was to tidy up Marylands current youth training program and make sound proficiency. Because of the delegated chief, Maryland has helped 20,000 additional kids gotten prepared for the primary day of school (Maryland Department of Education 2014). The White House right now

The Role and the Policy of Teaching EFL in Saudi Arabia

Question: Examine About the Role and the Policy of Teaching EFL in Saudi Arabia ? Answer: The job and the strategy of educating EFL in Saudi Arabia English is one of the commanding dialects on the planet. Numerous countries have received English as an unknown dialect (EFL) on the grounds that it is the essential correspondence language that can ease exchanging and different exercises. The facts demonstrate that outsiders are prepared to do socially mixing with the locals if there is a solitary type of language that is set up on the grounds that individuals originate from various foundations. In association with that, Saudi Arabia is one of the Muslim-overwhelmed country, and Arabic is the normally utilized language. For quite a while Saudi Arabia has been subject to oils, and hence, the nation has been seeing positive development with respect to infrastructural advancement and social attachment. Different segments remain underutilized because of absence of specialists for the most part contributed by absence of a solitary language that can join both the Saudis and the outsiders. Therefore, presenting and reinforcing the utilizat ion of English as an unknown dialect (EFL) has become a key worry for bettering the lives of Saudis inside and outside the country. In this way top to bottom investigation of jobs and strategies of educating EFL in Saudi Arabia is basic to the comprehension and accomplishment of vision 2030. At first, the Saudis were travelers who moved alongside their crowds looking for food and water. This realm is referred to have developed as a little country that has right now developed to a conspicuous country. As the requests for money related worth developed, the nation began extending and financially becoming because of ownership of significant oil sources. Around then there were limits on the spread of formal training on the grounds that the country is Muslim ruled. Al-Saadat and Al-Braik (2004) represents that during the 1920s, the state noticed the developing wastefulness because of the appropriation Arabia language and steps towards actualizing state-controlled instruction were essential. During that period, King Abdul Aziz was the prevailing man who advocated the changes of the Ministry of Education. In 1925, an exceptional branch Directorate of Education' was shaped and its reality can be recognized state-of-the-art. As indicated by Cooper (1989), the foundation of formali zed schools was seen in 1939.During that time Saudi Arabia relied upon Egypt and Syria for fortifying scholastic foundations because of absence of funds and national researchers. In 1936 foundation of grant planning Schools (SPS) was achieved in Makkah which denoted the initiation of advanced secondary school scholastics and instructing of English in Saudi Arabia (Ur Rahman Alhaisoni, 2013). Regardless of money related limitations to help grant programs, enrolment of rudimentary training recorded a dynamic development during the 1950s. The program was completely bolstered by the legislature, and after a brief period, the school model had received the means of Lebanon and Syria which were in accordance with the British type of realizing whose premise was the English language. Alshumaimeri (2012) noticed that the arrangement of encouraging that is instructed today in Saudi Arabia was instituted in 1953.This came because of Saudi Arabia encountering basic sovereignties from the offer o f oils. Afterward, the nation began seeing oil deluge which constrained it to send instructors to another country on grant projects to bring back abilities that were essential to the nation development. Around then absence of education rate was high and barely any individuals could peruse and communicate in English. The legislature additionally noticed the worries realized by the researchers and chose to address them by offering the remittances and motivating forces to the supported understudies locally and globally, in this way, promising them to genuinely attempt instruction to better their lives and the lives of others (Bashehab Buddhapriya, 2013). In the late 1940s, the administration of Saudi Arabia saw that as autonomous it was basic to move from the British-based Egyptian model to a progressively strict preservationist discussion, an issue that is obvious in school standards and course readings. It is from such thought processes that empowered the legislature of Saudi Arabia to observe the origination of Mecca, the main advanced education organization. This school esteemed language to the degree of executing decides that saw the language showed two hours out of each week for a period fours according to the desires for the school. As referenced before that English is a language that develo ps attachment, this idea was experienced during that time. Because of the effortlessness of conveying in English, the United States was seen to have been engaged with the illicit relationships of the realm of Saudi Arabia by demonstrating extraordinary interests in the oil exchange. This rendered English language instructing applicable to advance social and monetary improvement in Saudi Arabia. In 1970, the service of training in a joint effort with the legislature executed English language instructing prospectus that could be presented at the optional level (Rahman Alhaisoni, 2013). This was an eye-opener for understudies to create basic reasoning and upgrade individual English aptitudes that would be a measuring stick to college confirmation. The understudies were urged to cling to English figuring out how to comprehend its qualities on social and financial points of view. Later course books and other related materials were distributed in accordance with Saudi Arabian culture. The perspective on English language and its significance was acquainted with address the need to upgrade punctuation, regulating orthography and arrangement of speakers and scholars by executing word reference use. In this conclusion, English language instructing was clung to by putting the emphasis on the types of language which later went to be Corpus arranging idea,' a fundamental piece of correspondence achievement that was valued by others. The oral conventions expose the mentalities individuals have when learning new dialects. Al-Hazmi (2003) features that the main methods by which English language origination would take were by appreciating the standards of the speakers who are known to be politically ground-breaking. Additionally, he saw that in spite of the fact that language use would be advanced by the politically predominant gatherings, it was insufficient to yield a lot of impact to countless residents. This made ready for the presentation of composed materials that indi viduals would allude to and comprehend the all the orders of English that would stick into their psyches through rehashed reference to the gave materials. Besides, AL-Abdulkareem (1993) found that to impact numerous individuals to grasp different English language codes; there was a need to make usage endeavor and make it formal to individuals. This would get holds by permitting the decision governments to define rules that would allow the utilization of one worthy type of language to incorporate different clans under one rooftop. The elaboration and codification of corpus arranging' were concentrated on upgrading usage of English language use and compliance to the cutting edge world. Al-Rasheed (2013) noticed the presence of a hole that was expanding because of embracement of own neighborhood dialects at universal level. Al-Nafjan (2012) places that there could be difficulties confronting specific countries with respect to exchange because of the misconception that was brought by the language contrast. The perspectives as referenced before carried strain to the administration of Saudi Arabia to settle on the large scale arrangements that would fit the tenants just as decide the official and alluring language codes to address the issues of a specific country and the entire world. The journey to refresh the Arabic to the English language was viewed as the administration obligation to impact and change the general public for better adapting to different nonmembers quiet. At the end of the day, Establishment of E nglish as the unknown dialect (EFL) in different non-English talking countries was profoundly valued and adequate. As per Al-Nasser, (2015), Saudi Arabian realm is known to have taken steps critical to the restoration of the countries monetary objectives and goals. The legislature is broadly known for its oil creation which has seen it thinks a ton of income from the endeavor. Albeit Saudi Arabia is creating to an extraordinary country, much accentuation has been put to copy English Language use to upgrade open investment and other private partners who assume a critical job in the extension of the nation economy. Al-Rasheed (2013) proposes that the instruction framework has been confronting difficulties of embracing the science, innovation, designing and arithmetic (STEM). Without a doubt, the realm's most significant objective is to guarantee creation of capable basic scholars just as enterprising aptitudes that can fit in the progressing worldwide world. The legislature built up a methodology for executing the free training that urged everybody to get the chance to contemplate. The methodology dealt with suppers and recompense to the destitute individuals henceforth boosting their aspirations to learn. Research done by Commins (2008) shows that those understudies who withstood the examinations to college level were furnished with free convenience and advantages that could keep up them up to the end. In 2014, English educational plan was presented by the service of instruction. This directed the educating of English subject in the evaluation six schools which went about as the reason for the presentation of English at the grade schools. As indicated by Alamri (2008), the educating of English as an unknown dialect (EFL) saw Saudi Arabia accomplish higher financial walks by fusing methodologies and abilities that would empower the country to meet its destinations and long haul objectives. In 2013, English language educational plan was c reated to deal with all degrees of scholastics to at any rate empower the country to accomplish vision 2030.All those projects by the service of instruction have permitted the nation to observe addition of English language instructors who

The Book Riot Podcast, #45 Guns That Shoot Novellas

The Book Riot Podcast, #45 Guns That Shoot Novellas The Book Riot Podcast, Episode #45: Guns That Shoot Novellas This week, Jeff and Rebecca talk about diversity (and lack thereof) in childrens books, a bunch of new book news, critical subjectivity, the future of ebooks, and much more. This episode is sponsored by Oyster and Audible. You can subscribe to the podcast in iTunes (click here) or via RSS (link here). You can also download a free dedicated app for iOS or for Android. Links discussed in the show: The Independent will no longer review gender-specific children’s books Silent Reading parties come to Brooklyn Study on representation of people of color in children’s books Shout-out: Diversity in YA tumblr Should Critics Publish a “Statement of Position?”   Ebooks to grow “only slowly” after 2016 JRR Tolkien’s translation of Beowulf to be published Why so few 20th Century ebooks are available Meg Wolitzer on writing YA inspired by Sylvia Plath Book deal news: Oprah to write collection of essays, “What I Know For Sure” New Anne Rice Lestat book Goldfinch movie adaptation New books discussed in the show: The Bohemians: Mark Twain and the San Francisco Writers Who Reinvented American Literature by Ben Tarnoff The Thing With Feathers by Noah Strycker ____________________________ Browse previous episodes of The Book Riot Podcast. ____________________________

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer - 856 Words

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 85% of lung cancer case1,2. Due to metastasis and other individual conditions, only 30% of the patients are able to go for a surgery, the best regarded treatment method2. Others predominately use tradition chemo- and radio-based therapeutic methods, which held poor treatment outcome with only 15% of the patient lives longer than 5 years1. However, since the establishment of RNAi therapy in 1998, the efficacy of RNAi on tumour activity related genes was intensively studied and some research trials has shown potential effects in treating NSCLC by this method1-3. RNAi is defined as a mechanism of gene-silencing produced by small RNA fragments (siRNA/miRNA/shRNA) and it also can be described as posttranscriptional gene silencing3. These small RNAs have the ability to selectively bind and cleave cellular mRNAs and prevent their further expression3. This function holds great significance in cancer treatment and cell self-repairing1,3. The mechanism of RNAi therapy consists of multiple steps. Briefly, a double-strand small RNA fragment (~20bp) firstly incorporates into a multiprotein complex, RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC), and their double strands starts unwinding after being activated. The single-stranded small RNAs product then guided activated RISC to identify mRNAs that are complementary to this single-stranded small RNA3,4. Once identified, this mRNA is cleaved by endoribonucleases and then degraded by exoribonucleases inShow MoreRelatedNon Small Cell Lung Cancer1016 Words   |  5 PagesNon-Small cell lung cancer is one of two major cancers that affect smokers and nonsmokers. About 85% of lung cancers are non-small cancers, and at least 80% of that comes from smoking (American Cancer Society). In the United States, lung cancer is the second cancer most frequently diagnosed in both men and women and remains the major cause of cancer-related death.(Jan A. Burger, 2012). It mostly affects group ages from little as 6 to old as 60+. The factors that lead people to get this cancer ofRead MoreEssay On Non Small Cell Lung Cancer1195 Words   |  5 PagesTargeted therapy for non-small cell lung cancer Abstract In the past years, there has been a major paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer also known as (NSCLC). NSCLC should now be further sub-classified by histology and driver mutation if one is known or present. Translational research results now allow such mutations to be inhibited by either receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Whilst empirical chemotherapy with a platinum-doubletRead MoreTreatment Of Metastatic Squamous Non Small Cell Lung Cancer1744 Words   |  7 Pages(nivolumab) Opdivo (nivolumab); Bristol-Myers Squibb; For the treatment of metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer, Approved March 2015 WEDNESDAY, March 4, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of Opdivo (nivolumab) has been expanded to include advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the agency said Wednesday in a news release. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, having been diagnosed more than 224,000 times and causing moreRead MoreMost Common Type Of Cancer Worldwide Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesCancer is the leading cause of death in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer every year, making it the most common type of cancer worldwide (1). 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There is no cure for lung cancer presently, however there are numerous treatments available to patients in hopes of eradicating or at least controllingRead MoreLung Cancer1304 Words   |  6 Pages LUNG CANCER Mohamed Almasmary Bio240 Anatomy Physiology 1 4/13/14 Lung cancer is a cancer (malignancy) that originates in the tissues of the lungs or the cells lining the airways. Lung cancer originates when normal lung cells become cancer cells, usually after a series of mutations, and begin to divide out of control. Lung Cancer is a disease which consists of uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues. Lung cancer consists of two types, Non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancerRead MoreLung Cancer : The Most Common Cause Of Cancer1309 Words   |  6 PagesLung Cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Every year more than 200,00 Americans are diagnosed with lung cancer and over 100,000 Americans die from lung cancer. Lung Cancer is partly preventable with smoking cessation and it is slowly decreasing in the developed countries because of the many campaigns against tobacco addiction developed in the last decades but this is not the case in developing countries. In addition, we are observing a growing amount ofRead More Lung Cancer Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesof lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. It is all depending on the size of what the cells look like under a microscope. Both of these types of lung cancer can grow differently which leads to them both being treated differently. Non-small cell lung cancer is the more common of the two and it usually grows fairly slow. There are three main types of non-small cell lung cancer and they are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Small cell cancer

Motivation Is The Driving Force - 1809 Words

Motivation is the driving force which keeps people going and business always thrives to motivate their employees to their best of ability. Motivation represents a crucial challenge for contemporary organizations: A recent Gallup poll revealed that only 13% of workers worldwide exhibit high levels of engagement and motivation. We will show you why these motivation problems are not simply due to a â€Å"bad† or â€Å"unmotivated† team member. Rather, motivation is very much driven by what work conditions we create for our co-workers how we structure goals and objectives, and how we reward people for the accomplishment of those goals. TD has discovered that it is important to create trust and respect. It has found that by valuing employees, providing realistic goals and an interesting environment for them to work in, it increases employees† motivation. At TD a motivated member of staff works in partnership with others to achieve individual and team objectives . This means that he or she focuses on customers, treats people fairly and is determined and devoted to receiving feedback from others. Motivated employees have greater concentration and are less likely to make mistakes, cause accidents or be involved in conflict. They are also likely to show greater loyalty to the company and have less absenteeism. An unmotivated workforce will be the opposite, being dissatisfied with its role in the work environment. This can negatively affect both the quality of the work as well as howShow MoreRelatedMotivation And The Goal Oriented Behavior897 Words   |  4 Pagesas motivation. Motivation refers to a driving force that triggers the goal-oriented behavior to accomplish desires and it give us a reason to move on, whether in form of positive or negative motive, and it is categorized as intrinsic and extrinsic. Is motivation just a driving force toward something? 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Motivation is not the behaviour itself and is not the performance. Motivation concerns action and the internal and external forces, which influence a person’s choice of action. In other words- needs or expectations, these are the forces that drive people to achieve goals. Farren suggests that we are influenced by the 12 human needs that have been around since theRead MoreAlfred Adler s Theories On Individual Psychology1118 Words   |  5 Pagessuperiority. He theorized that striving for success is the motivating force in every person. The theory is based on the values and meaning that one creates  throughout life and plan to seek them out. According to Alfred Adler’s book, Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler, there are six steps in the outline of his theory to explain behavior. He felt these factors were the successful basis for the formation of social groups. 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The Overwhelming Legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte Free Essays

The legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1793 and continues to this day. Although the French general Napoleon left France smaller than it originally was at the beginning of the Revolution in 1789, he was widely respected during his lifetime and thereafter. Napoleon Bonaparte produced an everlasting imprint on the history of Europe as a result of his great military genius, development of political ideas, and the remodeling of French law. We will write a custom essay sample on The Overwhelming Legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the root of Napoleon’s success lay his military genius. Much of Napoleon’s military genius comes from his studies of history’s finest commanders. Of these influences on Napoleon were Alexander, Caesar, Hannibal, Gustavus Adolphus, Turenne, Eugene, and most of all Frederick the Great. Napoleon used Frederick’s strategies and adapted them to his own tactical system (Chandler 70). Napoleon’s military tactics were based around the corps d’ armee, a small army containing the elements of cavalry, infantry, and artillery. The most important advantage of the small army was its capability of fighting alone for a long period of time against superior enemy forces until help could be attained (Chandler 79). With speed, good order, and carefully maintained formations, a successful cavalry was developed. Every type of cavalry was placed in one of three categories, each with specific tasks. The heavy cavalry used their size and weight to create holes in the enemies line of battle. The cavalry of the line was expected to protect lines of communication and carry out raids. The light cavalry was mainly used for pursuit and to explore areas in order to gain military information (Chandler 94). Napoleon was the first general to employ cavalry simultaneously to conceal his main troop movements and to recognize the front. The foot soldiers of the infantry were the backbone of Napoleon’s army (Chandler 97). The infantry marched in a column up to the attack instead of a line. This column was more maneuverable than lines, and could swing into a flexible alteration of columns and three-rank lines (Herold 97). Eventually, Napoleon’s enemies were influenced by these grand tactics. The enemy reformed and devised countermeasures that proved to bring down Napoleon (Chandler 69). Boldness, the hallmark of the Napoleonic tactics, influenced warfare for a century. Napoleon Bonaparte carried through a series of reforms that were begun during the Revolution. He established the Bank of France, which has continued to function, more or less unchanged, up to the present time, as a national bank and as the source of the French government for currency, public loans, and the deposit of public funds (Thompson 169). In addition to the influence on Banks, Napoleon also reformed the education system. The present secularly controlled French educational system was begun during the Reign of Terror and completed by Napoleon. A corporation, known as the University of France was organized. The University was responsible for seeing that all education (including private), would turn out citizens to be attached to their religion, ruler, and family (Cronin 204). Primary schools were reopened with priests as teachers, but Napoleon gave most of his attention to secondary schools, where he changed the curriculum to allow early specialization. At age fifteen, a boy chose to study either mathematics and history of science, or classics and philosophy (Cronin 204). This system of education still remains in France. One of Napoleon’s greatest constructive works lies in the remodeling of French law. The Code Napoleon, although established by Napoleon about 200 years ago, has had lasting effects and influences to this day. This remodeled the entire body of French law, and is contained in five codes dealing with civil, commercial, and criminal law. The civil code established the citizens right to equality before the law, religious toleration, the inviolability of property, and the superior place of the father in a family. The commercial code reordered every part of industrial and agricultural life. It brought about full employment, more stable prices, and a balance of trade. The criminal code set up a superior system of circuit judges, but rejected the idea of juries (Chandler 104). As a result of the Napoleonic conquests, the code was introduced into a number of European countries, notably Belgium, where it is still in force. It also became the model for the civil codes of Quebec Province, Canada, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, some Latin American republics, and the state of Louisiana. Napoleon’s influence is evident in France even today. His spirit has spread throughout the constitution of the Fifth Republic. The country’s basic law is still the Code Napoleon, the administrative and judicial systems are essentially Napoleonic, and a uniform state-regulated system of education persists. Napoleon’s reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 19th century. Today, the impact of the Code Napoleon is apparent in the law of most European countries. Napoleon Bonaparte, who once studied the greatest commanders to have lived, could now find himself recognized along with those same great names. How to cite The Overwhelming Legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte, Papers

Dark Social Business Concept

Question: Discuss about the Dark Social Business Concept. Answer: Introduction: Recently I had the good fortune of meeting with two of the most disadvantaged groups in Singapore - visually impaired people group, Dialogue in the Dark, and migrant workers group, Migrant Workers Centre. I say "good fortune" as I feel that I was blind and at a disadvantage before I met with them. I was unaware and ignorant about how discriminatory and biased our actions and behaviour are towards such people. The experience opened my eyes, and I wish everyone gets a taste of this situation at least once in life and understand what I am today.Dialogue in the Dark is a social business concept that employs visually impaired people to guide regular people in experiencing daily chores and activities conveyed in the way blind people experience things. On the other hand, Migrant Workers' Centre works with migrant labourers to champion fair employment practices. I had little experience or knowledge about interacting with differently able people. I had heard a lot of stories about such individuals in the confines of a room, never getting to see for myself the impossible feats they perform. I appreciated the opportunity I received of interacting with them, but was sceptical about how it would turn out or how I would fare. Our general perception about blind people is set - they should be pitied; they are dependent, helpless and can't take part in or contribute anything in the society. I thought in the same way. However, five minutes in the meeting with the team of visually impaired guides at Dialogue in the Dark (DID), and my whole outlook changed. I visited the centre for one of their exhibition tour and my life changed, literally. We live in our conscious mind, subduing the subconscious. We interact with our surroundings with the help of one or two sense at the time, while the other senses remain at rest in the background. Our sight is our ke y sense, and withdrawal of that handicaps us. However, a tour with the DID team challenges this perception and showed me that there is more to life than sight. Our daily petty actions and environments received a different dimension altogether on the tour. I understood that without our sight also we can perceive our surroundings and experience the changes that happen. In terms of DID's contributions to the society and the visually impaired community, they do a pretty good job. The blind guides were so optimistic and straight forward about their life and imperfections. The founder Andreas Heinecke had this concept that taking away the light from regular people for a while would make them more aware and appreciative about the amazing things a blind person can experience and be capable of. The exhibitions, workshops and other cultural activities all progress with the idea that a blind person can experience life just like anyone else. They are not different and they have the potential to grow into an accomplished individual. The interactions at the exhibition were real, as if I am a part of my real world only, listening to the honking of cars, chattering of people, chirping of birds, the smell of smoke, baked goods wafting in with the cool autumn breeze, while I'm walking on a pebbles street. I never imagined the interaction to be this real. One thing I understood very clearly. These people are at a disadvantage, and are discriminated against in every way possible. Prejudice and discrimination against blind people is pretty widespread, and we all are the perpetrators. They do not get equal access to every facility existent, like education, job market opportunities and so on. Even I thought the same that visually impaired people cannot contribute anything to the society and they need constant backing. Our society and elements in it follow some rules. However, none for the differently-abled. In addition, the rules are not even Bender or adjusted at times and the person has to face discomfort. Not protesting against that made me ashamed of myself. Our education, right to express and other basic human rights are applicable to all, still discrimination happens, we do it. Not providing education is a heinous act - it's a fundamental need. By not getting access to that such people are unaware of their society and surroundings, ignorant of what is out there in the world - and they have a right two know. Before I went to MWC (Migrant Workers' Centre), I used to think it was easy for the migrants to come in to our country and get a job easily. I was in a misconception that they received huge amounts of wages because of their skills and are a burden on the economy because of their generation of low income taxes. Like everyone else I had the misconception that migrant workers live off the tax payed by the citizens. I even thought that they had no I intention of accepting the rules and culture of the countries where they migrate to. It is also widely believed that migrant workers take away the creamy later of the job market, leaving locals to take up menial jobs. The visit to MWC changed this perception of mine. Migrant workers are not disposal tools. They are a part of our economy, contribute to it and they deserve the recognition. They are responsible for filling in the declining sectors of the economy and bringing in revenue. They contribute enormously to labour market flexibility, taxes and other social contributions. Their contributions can be seen in the boost on working age population and the skills they bring in as human capital for the host country. These workers allow the government to invest into positive and productive endeavours. As an example we can consider a clerk, who takes care of the paperwork for a doctor, in turn freeing the doctor to attend to more patients. Thus, an economic value is created from the joint efforts of both the clerk and the doctor. Child care providers free working mothers, construction labourers freeing up engineers to attend to more projects and similar contributions substantially help in the development of the economy overall. They perform jobs local s would not. They put in effort to mix with the society and learn the practices existent. Giving them residency would bring in more sales, in turn creating larger economies of scale. It brings in more positive aspects for the consumer and economic benefits for the society. They are the base on which we all depend. Migrant workers are the victims of less wage, false promises of jobs and slavery. Some even commit suicide due the debts they incurred for getting the work permits. They are threatened, abused and forced into slavery by showing them the fear of deportation. They receive no entitlement to residency, and are dealt with the feeling of being in a place where they are not supposed to be. They pay all kinds of taxes, income, sales tax, payroll tax and sometimes even the brunt of those taxes aimed at the effluent. Companies compensate the brunt if higher taxes by reducing wages and increasing prices. It has a disproportionate impact on the migrants and lower investments take place, in turn reducing number of jobs and slow salary increment. These workers pay a huge amount of corporate taxes because their loss wages account for a significant amount of corporate tax payment by their employers. Big economies hurt the poor migrant labourers the most. However, their significant contribution to th e economy is overlooked or superfluously treated. The funny thing is, some corporate offices pay good-for-nothing people to do nothing, instead of employing a migrant, who would be willing to do it and get the job done, because of misconceptions about their lot. Some low-paid migrant labourers from MWC said they are housed in stuffed condominium, illicitly I should include, with rather unsanitary conditions in view of the shortage of reasonable rental lodging in Singapore, which is a result of the administrations deliberate arrangement of advancing lodging possession, and lodging as a venture resource. Lawful requirement against such lodging code infringement, might I say, has not been extremely vivacious. They have a low pay in light of the fact that there is an oversupply of labourers and in the event that they need to gripe, they will be kicked on the grounds that foreign workers are effectively replaceable. Conclusion: From these two experiences, I have understood that both these groups need improvement in their treatment from the society. For the disabled, they need recognition as human beings, fair treatment and respect, unbiased evaluation and promotions. They must be offered customized trainings so that they know whats happening and dont get treated in a demotivating way. They need a support channel of their own, that can cater to the issues they might face. They need more projects that support their cause, at the same time encouraging, identifying and collaborating with them in every way possible. For the migrant workers, strict protection laws must be implemented so that they dont get exploited or maltreated. They require equal treatment and opportunities, safe working environment, memberships, social security, accommodation and other legal benefits. After all, they are a part of the developing economy.

Consequentialist theory of punishment Essay Example

Consequentialist theory of punishment Essay This essay is going to concentrate on the second type of modified consequentialism: Societal Defence. The underlying problems produced by the consequentialist theory of punishment have proven short-lived within the modified theories of consequentialism. The pure consequentialist theory provides four main concepts in which it acts to punish an individual who has committed a crime. The concepts cover incapacitation, deterrence, reform and rehabilitation. According to the modified consequentialist theory, punishment is used as a deterrent upon the individuals use of threats or physical force in defence of her/himself or others1. Farrells describes this idea that punishment is essentially a matter of self-defense2. The discussion in the section concentrates on the fact that threats of harm is used as a deterrent, and the possible consequences of severe punishment are inevitable if it is disregarded. Relating back to the question, we can see that even though there are problems within the pure consequentialist theory of punishment. The modified theories have not ascertained the extent of the problems, which it needs to be adhered to. Presently we can see that the pure theory has the main concepts (as seen above) that it uses in order to punish an individual. By using these forms of punishment it has not been able to proportion the severity of crime in relation to the crime itself. By deterring future crimes it was not able to sustain the original concept of why it was formed. Its original aim which was to deter future crimes had a minimal effect as some forms of punishment were failing. Rehabilitation is a form used that has raised many criticism as to its effectiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequentialist theory of punishment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Consequentialist theory of punishment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Consequentialist theory of punishment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Martinsons view clearly demonstrates this, with a few isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect on recidivism3. There has been little change in criminals re-offending again as the rehabilitation process does not seem to operate as it should in minimising re-offending behaviour. Originally established to cure the individual and reinstate them back into society. It has been scrutinised as it only concentrates on the individual and does not consider external factors like their background and social standing. Punishment should be in the form of inflicting the individual not helping the individual to overcome his unmoral sub-standard in society. This in turn did not give adequate punishment to offenders who deserved proportionate sentencing. An offender does not merely require to be adjusted to conform back into society, but also needs to have appropriate sentences given to them which they deserve. The rehabilitation process has proven to be unsuccessful time and time again, and in return crime rates have increased instead of declining4. The pure theory has no doubted failed to uphold its purpose in preventing offenders from committing crimes. This seems to be one of its biggest downfalls in relation to the prevention of crime. The consequentialist approach does try to intervene on this issue by adjusting its approach in concentrating punishment solely on the offender, by redirecting pain to fall on the offender. It still does not completely remove the issue of being proportionate to the crime committed. Farrells concentrates on deterring the individual defensively and not by using them as an example to society. Originally deterrence was a means to prevent offenders from re-offending, but by the offenders being guinea pigs their sentence was not proportionate to their offence. The public is perceived not to commit a crime if the sentence is extremely harsh, as explained by Clarkson: The punishment of the offender is aimed at the public at large in the hope that the example and threat of punishment will deter them from crime5 From this we can see that individuals are being treated unfairly as they receive disproportionate sentences for the crime they have committed. This theory of deterrence has shown to be unsuccessful as it does not justify the sentences essentially being handed out. Individuals in this sense are normal citizens who up-hold the law and abide by it. The offenders are criminals intent on causing harm and disturbing the peace. Farrell tries to modify this theory by raising the issue of self-defence in relation to deterring an offender. In order to deter an offender, threats of harm has to be posed at them. Before the offender can commit an offence aimed at the individual there has to be communication of a threat, of what will occur if that offender continues his offensive act. The state is removed from this notion of deterrence and the weight is shifted to the individual. The individual has to communicate an effective threat or warning to the offender if they are seen to possibly commit an offence upon them. For the threat to be perceived to be valid the individual must act on his threat, otherwise the credibility of the threat proves to be invalid. In other words the proposed victim threatens the attacker, as the attacker ignores the threat the victim must carry out the original threat made and impose it on the attacker. This theory differs greatly from the pure consequentialist theory of punishment as it is the individual who acts in self-defence before an offence upon them, and not the state in relation to an offence that has occurred after-wards. Farrells consideration of deterrence in this matter means that it acts more justifiably. Compared with the original deterrence concept, where there was no proportionality in relation to the crime committed and sentence received. The offender according to Farrell, essentially knows the outcome of his actions and can perceive the threat fully. By knowing what they will receive in committing the particular act, means that distributive justice is more apparent in this context. He shows us this by saying: self-defense is typically a matter of the distribution (or redistribution) of harm, or of the probability of harm, and hence that the justification of self-defense must at some level involve, even if only implicitly, an appeal to considerations of distributive justice6 This theory evidently makes the offender aware of the out-come and unlike the pure theory gives them a proportionate punishment. Another issue which this theory aims to rectify is that it tries to place the burden of evil on the offender. This new concept provides the offender to rethink his actions much more clearly. Crimes usually happen without any coherent thought. This provides the offender to be controlled in a way as he is made much more aware that there is a definite retaliation measure in force if they proceed with the offence. Before it was a matter for the criminal to be apprehended, as they would think that there is a chance they will not get caught. This on the other hand provides a definite course of action by the individual, making it clear that retaliation will take place by providing the threat. According to Farrell this places the burden of evil on the perpetrator making it less desirable to commit the offence. Ultimately Farrell does this by ensuring appropriate proportionality is sustained throughout the handing out of threats used. Maintaining a thorough degree of proportionality was the main problem in the pure theory of consequentialist punishment. Farrell sees to this by maintaining a balance of the threat used to keep the offender from committing the offence. He does this with the use of limits, in that a certain level of threat is used in proportion to the offence about to being occurred. He says: limit depends entirely on the contingent features of each case: as long as one does not threaten in order to deter the relevant harm, one has not threatened too much7 By this he means that in order to deter someone from committing a certain offence a certain degree of threat should be used in proportion to it. One cannot threaten someone who is about to steal for example with death as it will not be appropriate or proportionate. A justification of enforcing that threat also needs to be paid attention to as a threat not undertaken will lead the offender in thinking that the proposed victim is merely trying to call his bluff. Not enforcing a threat can mean continuous re-offending by the perpetrator who will just ignore all threats made and continue with their offence. An enforcement of a threat needs to be justified in the first instance, as a threat to take someones life if they try and kill you is a threat none the less. A failed attempt by the offender would mean carrying out the threat and the problem arisen here is if it is justified to carry out the threat. This poses a problem within this theory as self-defence would mean literally that, which you should defend yourself. By using a threat to deter an offender, in stating for example that you will kill him if he tries to kill you. This would mean that if the offender tries to kill you but fails, is it justifiable to proceed with your original threat of killing that individual. Here lies the problem of how far self-defence can proceed, in order to protect oneself, one may have to kill to preserve their life. Explained more coherently by Montague he provides: Aggressor is the only one who can prevent himself from being killed by victim, and he can do so only by killing victim; and aggressor can kill victim without killing anyone else8 Here the explanation is that the victim can fight back but the aggressor has no right in the first instance to cause harm to the victim. Thus going back to Farrells theory that in order for threats to prevail one must see to it that they uphold their threat and complete it. Farrells concept of an automated retaliation device only goes so far in causing as much harm as was intended by the offender to cause. This itself causes problems as to the extent of exercising an individuals power. It is impossible to assess limits imposed on an offender given to by an individual. The law cannot control the extent of harm that is going to be caused by the individual to the offender. If the individual carries on his threat in retaliation to an attack and kills, the question of whether or not he/she is liable to that particular offence arises. We can see that even though the pure consequentialist theory of punishment has its fair share of problems, theorists still find it hard to overcome this. By showing that rehabilitation has proven cumbersome in that it has failed to prevent offenders from re-offending. It has nonetheless tried to reform the individual without proving successful. Offenders are re-offending without taking heed to the fact that it is a form of punishment that should be taken more seriously. More external factors should be taken into account when trying to rehabilitate the offender as it is the persons social background as well as themselves that need to be paid attention to. From the deterrence point of view we have noted flaws in that system also. By handing out severe sentences there has been an increase in crime. As offenders tend to effectively weaken the system by taking advantage of the fact that others are handed out disproportionate sentences and they are not. There is an increase of what seems to be inhumane in relation to this. Rights of offenders are being infringed as they are not being treated fairly. Even though crime has been committed and sentencing has been passed it is not proportionate to their overall crime. Theorists have tried to overcome this issue by suggesting that alternative methods of deterrence should be used but this still does not address the complete issues and flaws within the system. By using forms of threats it is difficult to ascertain the level needed in proportion to deter an offender from offending. Farrell has tried to overcome the issue of deterrence. He has not done this successfully as more problems have arisen within his own theory. The problem of the amount of threat or warning that a person needs to convey cannot be justified fully, as the person also needs to carry out their threat. The use of a automated retaliation device theory in itself was trying to cover the problem of proportionate punishment. Farrell did accomplish this to the extent that there needed to be a proportion of punishment in relation to a crime committed. Punishing the offender no more than was necessary according to the crime, meant that proportionality was restored. This increased the other then problems of justifying the distribution of harm, which was a threat initially, meant that a person had to see it through. To conclude we can see that theories of consequentialism have failed to overcome the enduring problems created by the pure consequentialist theory of punishment. The problems of pure consequentialist theory have been in some aspects been able to be resolved by theorists. This has not meant that all of the theory has been resolved, there has now been an addition of more problems within the new theories themselves. The enforceability of deterring attackers and using a much more enhanced way of self-defence has meant that there could be a thin line between criminals and citizens. In that someones perception of an attack will be different for each individual. Some individuals will essentially take an offender (who in the future) attacking them, may perceive an assault to be one that requires the person to be put to death. In this example there is no real way to assess the amount of punishment which is sufficient to deter an attacker through the use of a threat.

Free Essays on Why People Need Religion

Philosophy and Religion: Questions and Answers Philosophy and religion have existed for centuries. Even in today’s technologically advanced environment, there are still many questions about life and its meaning. Humans want to know the basic who, what, when, where, why and how of life. Who created the earth, the universe, and the rest of existence? Is there a right and wrong; if so, what is it? When did it begin and will it ever end? Where does the universe end and do we go anywhere after we die? And of course, why are we here? At some point in each individual’s life, he or she will ponder these questions. For each philosophical question, there are many religious answers and explanations. It seems as though that’s where the desire for religion comes from. However, with so many different answers to the same questions, how is anyone to know what the right answer is or if there is one at all? Nonetheless, people cling to religion for the solutions is provides. For every problem religion offers not only the reme dy, but the hope that one can chose their own destiny based on how they live their lives. In times of great desperation or need, many people as God (or another deity/deities) for help. However, the God that one person asks for help may be quite different than the God the next person turns to. This belief in something omniscient and omnipotent gives people a sense of security . The all-powerful parental figure is often attributed with creation and the eternal question of who is in charge here? This philosophic question of what could possibly be responsible for all of creation, goes back to the beginning of time . Some do no believe in one single God, but many deities that work in harmony to maintain a world order that people have become accustomed to. This world order includes the laws of science and nature that many people take for granted and rarely question. Humans find comfort and security in this order. They want to ... Free Essays on Why People Need Religion Free Essays on Why People Need Religion Philosophy and Religion: Questions and Answers Philosophy and religion have existed for centuries. Even in today’s technologically advanced environment, there are still many questions about life and its meaning. Humans want to know the basic who, what, when, where, why and how of life. Who created the earth, the universe, and the rest of existence? Is there a right and wrong; if so, what is it? When did it begin and will it ever end? Where does the universe end and do we go anywhere after we die? And of course, why are we here? At some point in each individual’s life, he or she will ponder these questions. For each philosophical question, there are many religious answers and explanations. It seems as though that’s where the desire for religion comes from. However, with so many different answers to the same questions, how is anyone to know what the right answer is or if there is one at all? Nonetheless, people cling to religion for the solutions is provides. For every problem religion offers not only the reme dy, but the hope that one can chose their own destiny based on how they live their lives. In times of great desperation or need, many people as God (or another deity/deities) for help. However, the God that one person asks for help may be quite different than the God the next person turns to. This belief in something omniscient and omnipotent gives people a sense of security . The all-powerful parental figure is often attributed with creation and the eternal question of who is in charge here? This philosophic question of what could possibly be responsible for all of creation, goes back to the beginning of time . Some do no believe in one single God, but many deities that work in harmony to maintain a world order that people have become accustomed to. This world order includes the laws of science and nature that many people take for granted and rarely question. Humans find comfort and security in this order. They want to ...

Offer and acceptance in english contract law Essay

Offer and acceptance in english contract law - Essay Example The agreement is one of the fundamental elements of a valid contract. It depicts the coming to terms of the parties to the contract through consensus over terms of a contract. The agreement is a product of existence of offer and acceptance. An offer is a promise made by one party to another in which the promisor intends to be bound by terms of his promise. Some of the elements of an offer include the intention to be bound by the offer if it is accepted, and the existence of terms that creates rights and liabilities in the event of acceptance. Acceptance on the other hand, refers to the promisee’s intent to be bound by the promisor’s terms of offer. Once an offer is accepted, an agreement is deemed to have existed between the parties forming ground for a contract. The offer and acceptance are however subject to a number of principles ... An advertisement is for example a presentation of information over the subject matter and only acts as an invitation to a customer to make an offer. In the case of Partridge v Crittenden (1968), the court held that an advertisement that indicated the price of goods in a vendor’s shop does not amount to an offer. Similarly, exhibition of goods for display does not amount to an offer. The owner of the goods is therefore not bound by the information displayed in an exhibition, as an offer for the good has not yet been made. Such was the ratio decidendi in the case of Pharmaceutical society of Great Britain v Boots cash chemists (1953). The defendant was accused of offering to sell commodities to the public contrary to prescriptions by regulatory bodies. It was held that the display of drugs on the shelf does not amount to an offer (Rush and Ottley, 2006, 47). Similarly, response to question for provision of information does not amount to an offer. This was held in the case of Har vey v Facey (1893) in which a defendant’s statement of the lowest price that could be accepted for sale of a piece of land was considered not to amount to an offer (Rush and Ottley, 2006, 48). The doctrine of invitation to treat is however exempted in some cases under which an advertisement can constitute an offer. In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd (1893), it was held that the defendant’s advertisement amounted to an offer. The defendant stated in its advertisement that a reward would be offered to any person who contracted influenza after using its medicine as prescribed. The advertisement further indicated that money had been deposited for the rewards. The court, in its judgement, held

The Financial System and the Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Financial System and the Economy - Coursework Example Various organizations that had invested in the organizations located in United States even suffered a huge loss as these organizations were on the verge of bankruptcy (The Economist, 2013). This depicts that organizations located in one region are highly dependent on organizations in other regions and thus there is a need to protect organizations in one nation to protect organizations in other nations. In order to avert and avoid future similar financial crises the regulators in the United States need to keep a close watch on the organizations in the United States and stop them from indulging in unhealthy practices due to which they may face losses and experience bankruptcy. This in turn will not only protect organizations in US, this will even protect organizations and economies throughout the world. 2. The five determinants that investors take into account while making any investment related decisions includes the expected return which is the return on investment that investors assume or predict they will receive through an investment. The return is the determinant which is the amount of money that a particular security has earned and evens the alterations in the price of the security in comparison to the value at which the security was initially traded. The third determinant is the capital yield which is the amount of money an investor is able to earn within a specific period of time and its comparison with the value of the investment that was experienced at the beginning of the specific period (Croushore, 2007). The fourth determinant is the capital yield which is a term used to refer to the elevation in the dollar based value of a particular investment over a specific period of time. The last factors is the capital gains yield which is the capital gains that a particular inv estment has offered in comparison with the value of the investment at the start of the period in which the capital gains is measured. The most important

Relationship Between Russia and China

Relationship Between Russia and China The new era of Russia and China Tension in Ukraine, Natural Gas Contract and the future Chuqing Hu chuqing[emailprotected] The recent history The relationship between China and Russia has always been complicated. In early 1960s, also Russia (the formerSovietUnion) had been support China to rebuild the country after war diminished, friendship between the two countries diminished mainly due to the dissension on the war between China and India. During the war, the SovietUnion made public its stand to support India which significantly deteriorated its relationship with China. The incompatibility wasn’t softened until 1980s when MikhailGorbachev became the president of SU and started to remedy the relationship with China. Since then, China and Russia has been on their way to a new era of competitive cooperation, or we can also call it â€Å"cooperative competition.†[1] Year 2014, a new era evolved after the tension of Ukraine In the past few months, as stated by U.S. president Barack Obama, â€Å"Russia’s aggression towards former Soviet states unnerves capitals in Europe while China’s economic rise and military reach worries its neighbors.†[2] From March 2014, the issue in Ukraine treaded on sensitive ground for China, and it has contorted itself to find a neutral diplomatic position.China has long been holding the position of not to interfere in the internal affairsof other countries. However, this belief was kind of dimmed when China failed to state its position to the referendum in Crimea, Ukraine. China’s action was viewed as a silent support to Vladimir V.Putin as other western countries all clearly stated their opposition against the referendum. [3] China’s silence brought new harmony to its relationship with Russia and this has been viewed as the turning point of the strategic alliance between two of the most powerful countries in the world. Two months later, on May 20th, 2014, Russia clinched a US$400-billion deal to feed China around 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas via pipelines at a chummy price of $350-$400 per thousand cubic meters(TCM), shaking up an industry that is used to fetching $500-$600 per TCM from Asian markets. The deal prompted much commentary on the agreement’s potential to reshape global energy markets and tilt the balance of influence in Ukraine and, more broadly, inEurope. [4] Apart for the contract, Putin’s visit to China in May also brought about various strategic business alliances between the two countries, which include mining, electricity, border trade, automobile, etc. A formal alliance or a double jeopardy Some people would imply that China and Russia are forming a formal alliance in order to compete with the U.S. and Europe. However, although the two countries are in honeymoon in the past few months, uncertainties still exist and I assume it’s too early to call it a formal alliance. Foremost, since the two countries have different visions regarding their future, both economically and politically, the discrepancy of the visions of two countries will make the alliance not as strong as some people imagined. What matters most to China? Growth, growth and growth. China has been struggling with the slowdown of its GDP growth in the past year and the promise of 8% annual growth was broken due to the slackness of industrial manufacture and the rising cost of capital. At this moment, a long-term energy contract with a quite favorable price will a good stimulator to its economics. At the same time, Chinese government is also concerned with the destabilization aroused with its own borders. An alliance will also enhance the protection of its national interests since Russia is a neighbor as well as a friend. What matter most to Russia? Recovery, recovery and recovery. After deep recession, Russia has been long for a recovery in both its economics and international political status. Russia was known for its aggression when it was once on its greatest prosperity. In the recent years, as the financial recovery was on its way, Russia again started to strive for more political interests, especially towards former Soviet states. However, it’s also crystal clear that because of tension between Russia and the U.S., the western world will be never on Russia’s side regarding international affairs. The only and most power ally Russia can rely on has to be China. Putin’s visit and the multi-billion contract showed Russia’s generosity and its high expectation for the relationship. However, if Russia keeps raising its aggression after the tension in Crimea, this will put China in a very awkward situation – to keep supporting Russia with equivocatory and to risk its future to be sanctioned by the western or to break its friendship with Russia and risk what happened in the 1950s to happen again? It’s a double jeopardy for China. â€Å"China’s leaders can’t afford to side with Russia, and they cannot side with Russia’s forceful policy.† According to Titus C. Chen, a research fellow at the Institute of International Relations at National Chengchi University in Taiwan.[5] Neither of them is an ideal choice for the Chinese authority since China definitely doesn’t want to be friend with Russia and be enemy with rest of the world. Envisioning the future There are mutual strategic needs as both China and Russia want to create a multipolar world which is not dominated by the U.S., particularly as China is now facing threats from the US-led alliance in Asia These two powerful countries although holding different goals in the alliance, are a formidable pair and can alter the international system. China knows that, Russia knows that, and the rest of the world is more or less afraid of that. The pair will accelerate the economic growth in both Russia and China, which is favorable for both of the countries. This suggests that, as long as Russia doesn’t get outrageous in its foreign policy, the friendship will be very well maintained in the near future. However, due to the historical mistrust, the lack of a common threat and conflicting interests in Central Asia, the sustainability of the partnership is questioned.[6] Besides China and Russia, U.S. is also playing and important part in the relationship. If U.S. keeps pushing China or Russia aggressively to the corner, this will certainly reinforce the China-Russia Alliance. If U.S. changed its position in order to drive a wedge between the two countries, the situation will become more unpredictable but also more interesting.   The tough road between Russia and China, multiple contributors, Voice of Russia, 2014 China-russia-and-the-outlook-for-the-liberal-international-system, Ali Wyne , www.warontherocks.com, Jun 2nd 2014 China Torn Between Policies and Partnership, Andrew Jacobs and Somini Sengupta, New York Times, March 12th, 2014 Russia-China Gas Deal Narrows Window for U.S.Exports, Richard Martin,Forbes, May 30th, 2014 China Torn Between Policies and Partnership, Andrew Jacobs and Somini Sengupta, New York Times, March 12th, 2014 Are China and Russia Moving toward a Formal Alliance?, Dingding Chen, The Diplomat, May 30th, 2014

A Memorable Event

Steps to Writing a Memorable Event Essay X Elliot Quimby Elliot Quimby has been a freelance writer, editor and proofreader since 2008. Quimby has written, edited and proofread grant proposals, press releases, cover letters, resumes and website content. Quimby earned a Bachelor of Arts in creative writing and literature as well as linguistics at the University of Michigan. Quimby has contributed to a blog on Urbanministry. org. By Elliot Quimby, eHow Contributor The memorable event essay is a common assignment in writing classes and can also be part of a college application.The exercise helps you practice your writing and narration skills. The advantage to you as the writer is that you don't need to do a lot of research because you will write from experience. 1. Brainstorm * List memorable events worthy of your essay. These may include births and deaths of loved ones, rites of passage and turning points in your life. Sometimes something simple can be especially memorable, like going t o a concert or playing outside with your family. Begin several days before your essay is due, if possible.Choose from your list an event that is complex enough for the length of your essay. If you can't describe the event in detail, it may not have been very memorable. Choose an experience you don't mind sharing with your audience. 2. Identify Theme * Think about why your event was memorable. What about it was different from your daily routine? How did the event affect the rest of your life? Identify the main reason you remember this experience. This will be your theme. * Sponsored Links * Free GRE Practice Test Take our 20 minute practice test and get your results right away. www. estden. com 3. Outline * Create a general outline of what happened. Include details that relate to your theme. Remember to include an introduction and conclusion. Add any background information your reader needs to know to understand what happened and why it was important. If you get stuck, consider Willi am Strunk's suggested structure for a narrative of a historical event: â€Å"A. What led up to the event. B. Account of the event. C. What the event led up to. † Write * Write your first draft based on your outline. Create a separate paragraph for each major point in your outline.Concentrate on the content of your essay rather than grammar, spelling and mechanics. Remember to explain what you were thinking when your memorable event happened. Why did you react the way you did? What did or didn't you know about what was happening? Did you realize right away that this was something you would always remember? Use language that will help the reader feel the way you did. Edit * If possible, leave your essay alone for an hour or a day before beginning to edit. Read your essay as if someone else had written it. Does anything seem confusing?Did you clearly explain why your event was memorable? Are there details that do not support your theme? Sometimes you will need to re-write a para graph or more. You may need to delete unimportant paragraphs. Fix any grammatical, spelling or mechanical errors. Run a spell-check. Read through your essay several times before turning it in. If you can, get someone else to read it and give you feedback. Read more: Steps to Writing a Memorable Event Essay | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/way_5682169_steps-writing-memorable-event-essay. html#ixzz2Ooj9885U

Ideo: the Organization and Management Innovation in a Design Firm and the Role of Alliances and Collaboration

Introduction Schumpeter (1949) wrote of the individual and collective embodiment of the â€Å"entrepreneurial spirit† – the â€Å"Unternehmergeist†. One company that channels this â€Å"geist† is the Sillicon Valley, California-based design and consultancy firm, IDEO. Founded in 1991, this self-styled innovation and design firm balances process and product innovations grounded in a human-centred design philosophy. Through this approach IDEO elided the pitfalls of the technology push versus demand-led innovation dichotomy to produce products and services that feel just as good as they work. In the latest rankings IDEO was listed at no. 10 on Fast Company's Top 25 Most Innovative Companies (2009) and no. 15 on Fortune's 100 most-favored employers by MBA students (Universum 2009). This paper attempts to analyse the principles and practices at IDEO using two frameworks namely: 1. the organisation and management of innovation and research and development (R&D) and 2. strategic alliances and collaboration. The discussion on organisation and management would be focused primarily on innovation since R&D as a portfolio at IDEO is still emergent. As a consequence also, its alliances and collaboration strategies and activities are described in the context of IDEO as a highly sought-after development partner. Analysis of the responses of senior business managers to what they considered to be the top three challenges of innovation management revealed that creating an innovative culture, attracting and maintaining diverse talents and finding the right balance of the incremental and the radical were uppermost (Tidd and Bessant 2009). Smith (2008) identified nine key factors that impact on an organisation’s ability to manage innovation: management style and leadership, resources, organisational structure, corporate strategy, technology, knowledge management, employees and the innovation process. The Oslo Manual defines †Innovation† as â€Å"the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. † (OECD 2007). This definition encompasses the common elements of innovation as proposed by arlier authors such as Schumpeter, Freeman, Rothwell and Gardiner, Drucker, Porter, Schumann, Merrifield etc. (Tidd and Bessant 2009; Innovation Zen 2006) Organisation and management of Innovation Since the introduction of ‘creative destruction' Schumpeter (1942), there has been a growing confidence that the basic elements of successful innova tion can be distilled through careful observation, and that they can be adopted and managed by firms to create and sustain competitive advantage. A number of authors (Abernathy and Utterback 1978; Teece 1986; Henderson and Clark 1990; Tushman and Anderson 1990; Christensen 1997 etc. have proposed various bivariate frameworks for assesing possible innovation types (incremental, radical, modular, architectural, product, process, market, organizational, complementary, disruptive etc). See Figure 1. Despite the variety, a basic conclusion however is that this mode of analysis can adequately inform strategic and organizational decisions and that different kinds of innovation require different kinds of organizational environments and managerial skills (Tushman and Anderson 1986). Figure 1: Component and architectural innovation (Henderson and Clark 1990) Source: Tidd and Bessant (2009) Models of the Innovation process and the dynamics of its articulating phases have been proposed by a number of authors (Myers and Marquis 1969; Von Hippel 1976; Tidd et al 2001 etc. ). Tidd and Bessant (2009) detailed a linear model with four phases (search, select, implement and capture). The authors made the distinction that innovation management is essentially about creating conditions within an organization to increase the likelihood of a successful resolution of multiple challenges under high levels of uncertainty (Ibid, p. 70). This view reinforces Tushman's (1977) assertion that organization and management of the process is characterized by different types of decisions, coordination challenges and patterns of communication. It is important to note here that though the innovation process is commonly depicted as a linear unidirectional sequence, in practice, the activities are inherently iterative and often occur in parallel (Rothwell 1992; Weiss 2002; and Brown 2008). Innovation and R at IDEO IDEO's approach to the organization and management of innovation and R&D can be summarized by the phrase: â€Å"design thinking†. Tim Brown (2008), CEO of IDEO, explained that it is centred on meeting people’s needs in a technologically feasible and commercially viable way. Design thinking is an example of the systemic and integrative approach to innovation highlighted in Hughes (1983) and Rothwell (1992). The model attempts to understand the innovation challenge as a dynamic interplay of human, business and technology factors. See Figure 2. Figure 2: Designing thinking at IDEO Source: adapted from Weiss 2002. IDEO's variation of the innovation process (cf. Tidd and Bessant 2009 etc. ) comprises five phases: Understand the market, the users, the technology, the constraints; observe people in reallife situations; visualize new-to-the-world concepts and the potential users; evaluate and refine the prototypes; and implement for commercialization (Kelley 2001). Empathetic research, brainstorming and rapid prototyping are core routines developed in the execution of the IDEO innovation process. Brainstorming is the idea engine of IDEO's culture. It is used to generate multiple and varied ideas about possible solutions to the innovation challenge. A session lasting no more than sixty minutes is conducted under the following rules: defer judgment; build on others' ideas; one conversation at a time; stay on topic; encourage wild ideas; go for quantity; be visual (Kelley 2001). Rapid Prototyping involves early development of a wide range of low-fidelity prototypes from which to learn. Teams evolve and refine ideas, answering multiple detailed questions through rounds of successively higher-fidelity prototypes. This routine permeates the company's design practices in all spheres (Coughlan et al 2007) and is universally codified in two IDEO mantras â€Å"build to learn,† and â€Å"fail forward† (Kelley 2001). The company organizes its R&D portfolio into 19 Focus Areas supported by 13 teams as shown in Table 1. Teamwork is an imperative at IDEO. For each project a number or relevant teams would be assembled from persons within the company, or externally from persons within their ‘talent ecosystem'. The teams meet regularly to exchange information on progress and to make sure each other's activities remain focused and complimentary (Hawthorne 2002). Table 2 summarizes some of the human-centred research work undertaken at IDEO. The popular Method Cards is result of this kind of research and development work at the company. The collection of 51 cards is used to evaluate and select the empathic research methods that best inform specific design initiatives. How and when the methods are best used are explained together with demonstration of how they have been applied to real design projects (www. ideo. com). Table 1: IDEO Focus Areas and Teams Source: Adapted from www. ideo. com Table 2: A sample of research at IDEO Source: Adapted from Venkatraman 2005 The ten personas shown in Table 3 were developed by Tom Kelley for enhancing innovation at IDEO. Consideration of these personas influences the company's policy of recruitment of T-shaped people †with at least one deep area of expertise and a broad reach of other skills and experiences. † (www. ideo. com). â€Å"We've found that adopting one or more of these roles can help teams express a different point of view and create a broader range of innovative solutions† (Kelley 2001, p. 7). Table 3: IDEO's innovation personas Source: Adapted from Kelley 2001 At IDEO the Ways to Grow tool (Figure 3) is a framework used to a) identify the type of growth intended, b) scope the challenge and deploy an appropriate innovation process, and c) assess the effectiveness of the portfolio of innovation efforts. It identifies four possibilities for growth and three basic archetypes of innovation outcomes: Incremental, evolutionary, revolutionary (Jacoby and Rodriguez 2007). Cf. Henderson and Clark 1990 etc. Figure 3: IDEO's Ways to Grow and Innovation Outcomes cf. Figure 1. Source: Jacoby and Rodriguez 2007 The model suggests that an incremental project requires execution-focused process and people while a revolutionary project would require exploration-focused processes and people (Jacoby and Rodriquez 2007). Ways to Grow is employed in this manner by IDEO to track, understand, and assess its in-progress portfolio of innovation projects using measures of innovation effectiveness. The projects can be mapped onto this tool creating a dashboard of initiatives that can be updated and referenced. All these organizational and management approaches mean little without a way of integrating them in a creative and sustainable organizational culture. Culture is difficult to define, but for IDEO it's probably: the not infrequent managers' informal chats with their carefully selected T-shaped employees (Brown 2007); the company-wide Monday morning meetings and Friday afternoons show and tell; the playful open layout of the workspaces decorated with personal eccentricities (Kelley 2001); the formal and informal reward systems where some compensation decisions are based largely on reputation among fellow designers and formal peer reviews (Hargadon and Sutton 1997); or just the personal satisfaction of the team members knowing that they are part of something big and exciting and creative. Strategic Alliances and Collaboration Gulati (1998) defines strategic alliances as voluntary arrangements between firms involving exchange, sharing, or co-development of products, technologies, or services. They can†¦ take a variety of forms, and occurring across vertical and horizontal boundaries. The fundamental imperative for strategic alliances and collaboration as suggested by authors like Teece (1986) is that it is extremely difficult for one company to possess all the requisite skills and competencies to implement all the phases of the innovation process. Among the motives for the formation of alliances and collaborations are reduction of cost, uncertainty, and time of R, response to changing customer and market need, lack of internal resources and knowledge transfer (Kogut 1988, Gulati 1998; Littler 1993 in Tidd and Bessant 2009). IDEO is not a R-intensive firm, its motivations for participation in strategic alliances and collaboration are not necessarily those of an active seeker. However, IDEO has benefited from its role as consultant and a highly ought-after collaborator. â€Å"What's unique about IDEO is that we straddle both sides of the innovation business, as both practitioners and advisers. † (Kelley 2001, p. 4). IDEO's 5000+ employees in more than 20 studios on three continents do work for clients in multiple industries across the globe. The company's website lists an astonishing diversity of products and services created in collaboration with some 300 clients in 28 different industries. Hargadon and Sutton (1997) aggregated qualitative data which indicate that IDEO's employees learn about potentially useful technologies through their extensive work and incorporate that knowledge into the creation of new products and services for industries where there is little or no prior knowledge of these technologies. This movement of technologies between industries is a form of technology transfer and diffusion (Rosenberg 1982; Hughes 1989). The company recognises the potential of its network position (Conway and Steward (1998) and instructs its employees in the Methodology Handbook to â€Å"Look for opportunities to expand network and/or industry knowledge. † (Hargadon and Sutton 1997). These integrative activities according to Hargadon and Sutton are an example of technology brokering. IDEO's brokers in effect act as technology ‘gatekeepers' as described in Allen (1977) and Rothwell (1992). IDEO is uniquely positioned to facilitate R&D-intensive firms in the completion of their innovation process through to commercialization. The company's positioning is validated not only by its rapidly expanding client portfolio but by industry outlook. Ferguson and Taylor (2004) affirmed that many innovation-focused organizations, including those with extensive R programs, are looking outside for assistance, especially in the early stages of searching for promising technologies and developing a vision based on working models. For established firms with strong technology-focused research, the services of design firms, with expertise in user knowledge, is useful in balancing exploration and exploitation of their technical knowledge (Venkatraman 2005). Eastman Chemical, HP, Intel, P and Samsung initially sought IDEO as an exploration alliance partner. P have extended the collaboration to joint product development with product ideas mainly generated by IDEO (Ventkatraman 2005). As IDEO continues to deliver award winning products and services to clients firms along the entire value chain it may soon have to think about if and how it should reposition itself for example mass production and marketing of high quality innovative consumer goods. Issues like these lead to considerations about the possible alternative opportunities available for leveraging a company's resources, position and linkages to create sustainable value. In the light of global challenges such as poverty, health, water, energy, and economic empowerment what is the role of innovation and research and their management and what sort of alliances and collaboration would be needed to deliver adequate responses? What is the future of social entrepreneurship? To deepen understanding of these challenging questions, Paul Bennett, chief creative officer at IDEO, visited Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank fame to get an immersive experience of this maturing entrepreneurial spirit. Reflecting on his encounter in the Financial Times Bennett (2009) asserted that sustainability and growth for the organisations of the future demands accepting responsibility for the †bank accounts† of purpose, people and learning. Bennett summarizes his own thinking with a quote from one of his clients: â€Å"The future isn't going to be designed on an Excel spreadsheet. † Whatever new tools emerge for future planning, its not hard to imagine that some of those would emerge from the studios of IDEO.