Student Success Courses Essay Example for Free

Student triumph Courses EssayCollege failure has been more common than not in recent years, galore(postnominal) students just go off to school unprepared and unaware of what to even expect. Often in High School the teacher say they are preparing you for college, but in many cases it is nowhere near what college is really like. In High School you were forced to attend, your teacher held your hand along the way and you were required to take classes you may dupe not wanted to take or interested in. In the article, Do Student Success Courses Actually Help Community College Students Succeed? written by authors from the community college look for center (CCRC), they explain that studies have shown college triumph classes to highly improve the success rates of college students.Many community colleges offer success courses, and close to even require them. These courses help prepare students what to expect in the near upcoming years. They teach students about different resources ar ound campus to utilize for success, studying habits, condemnation management, how to set clear goals and even how to navigate the many different websites and online class programs. This article describes that these courses have been very affective, which is proved by lots of research. Some research was done in Schools of Florida, where students taking student life skills or SLS were more likely to earn a community college credential, transfer to a verbalise university, or remain in college after five years. The study shows that students not taking the SLS course were usually rated with higher failure rates.Many college success courses have specialized textbooks for their school, like we do here at TCC for example and they help the students specifically here at TCC and helping us be successful. The books send word teach you about resources on campus, support groups, and how to succeed at your college. This article concludes that many students come to community colleges with very l imited understanding of the opportunities and demands of college life and deficiency the skills and orientation needed to thrive in college. Student Success coursed more often than not contribute to positive outcomes by helping students early in college by developing goals, becoming aware of resources, and have an overall clear idea of what it takes to succeed in college.Works CitedZeidenberg, Mark Jenkins, Davis Calcagno, Juan Carlos. Do Student Success Courses Actually Help Community Colleges Succeed? Community College Research Center CCRC BRIEF. (June 2007) Volume 36. Web. 10 October 2013.

Public Service Essay Example for Free

Public Service EssayPublic service is has recollective been considered to play a key role in the improvement of social and economic development in any countries (ILO, 1996). For this case, the type of public service presented is in some way very effective in terms of sending the correct procedure to the individuals who need such task assistance. For the children of the day care canter, the metre frame of Friday is beat out suited for public service since this might be the busiest day for such an institution. Considering that most of the students may be too excited for the coming weekend. Therefore, having a persons or group of person assist them in their activities in class can provide a worthwhile experience. Also, the schedule 300 to 500 pm is a very superb choice since afternoon schedules are somehow more lenient in accepting additional work when all other pregnant activities have been prioritized earlier in the day. The public service type of task with two types of act ivity based schedule is also a very good choice. The kids will be able to choose the type of activities they want to be engaged with which will make them more independent and will acquire a greater sense of responsibility. The first hour lets them listen and read to the story while having an option to still play. On another hour, homework assistance is also available which will make the time very productive. If ever they opt to first do their homework with the public servant, they will have more time to enjoy the rest of the day and probably the whole weekend playing. Overall, the type of public service program is very much adapted to the lifestyle of the student in the day care center setting.ReferencesILO. 1996. Public Service Background. Retrieved December 7, 2007 from http//www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/sectors/pubserv.htm.

What Makes Business Communication a Success

What Makes production line Communication a SuccessIntroductionBusiness communication is vital for success in all strain. Success in this scene means, being able to accomplish a particular task or to achieve a specific objective. Good disdain communications in relationships any with fellow staffs or customers is needed in order to prosper. Business success bed be measured in terms of the practicability of business relationships which is nowadays proportional to the quality of communication (Harvard Business School Press, 2003122). In this paper I result look at the ways of achieving successful communication, the difference in the midst of slogans and media sound bites and how slogans are used to draw audience attention.Steps in Achieving Successful Business CommunicationThe first blackguard in successful business communication is to identify the communication weaknesses in a business. This can be through brainstorming where challenges facing the business can be identified. S uch challenges can be obtained through reviewing the day to day activities of the business (Guffer Almonte, 20094). Some questions may serve as a guideline, these include Have employees been provided with a good working(a) environment? Are they happy with what they are doing? Has the business been able to satisfy all the clients? Is proper information provided to all stakeholders? Is there good flow of conversations?after reviewing the above issues, then the business has to address these challenges giving the first priority to the most troublesome. By addressing the challenges one by one the relationship in ecumenic is strengthened. There is need to develop proactive and constructive communication skills in order to tackle these challenges. Once a challenge is chosen, one has to consider the issues that manufacture it a challenge then address them systematically. For example, a business may be faced by a challenge of unsatisfied employees issues causing this may be inadequate c ommunication, lack of a safe working environment or poor organization structure. If much(prenominal) issues are addressed, then that challenge will be tackled.Communication means more than just giving out messages it involves speaking, earshot, sending, and receiving messages (Guffey, Rogin and Rhodes, 2009 4). In communication, earshot is the key to success and most of the time listening gets nation into problems because they do not practice it. For business communication to be successful, listening has to be proficient. Listening simply means property back ones judgment and allowing answers to start from outside. When a business is faced with challenges, there are people who already know what the problem is. Allowing them to give their ideas concerning that particular problem really helps. It is not forever and a day easy to hold back and allow others to give their opinion but if this is practiced it results in business communication success (Krizan et al 200782).After listen ing and taking notes from the suggested solutions, a business can now move forward and define what it wants to achieve. This is a very critical stage and one has to be proactive in order to achieve success. One has to think more or less the benefits to be achieved and how they will affect the success of the business. A suggested solution may be to amend the businesss relationship with its customers. Strategies to achieve this includes but not limited to answering calls in a polite manner, addressing all concerns, listening to customers, responding to complains, providing information, and thanking customers for their support (Stone Jacobs, 2007179). This helps in earning customers confidence.The coterminous step is to prepare a communication plan that is proactive. This is a plan that is prepared after defining a business success and getting solution from the listening activities. Things to be included in the plan include taking employees to seminars that cover topics such as cus tomer care, organizing get together between employers and employees, rewarding employees, holding regular meetings, including major stakeholders in business decision, assurance to personal service among others. This plan does not concentrate in solving past troubles but in laying down a good foundation that guarantees business future success (Pride et al 2009169). A communication plan should take into consideration the availability of resources and whether the business aims at a long term or short term objective.Once a communication plan has been prepared, the business now focuses on the murder. The judge result should be kept in mind and the main constitute of the plan reviewed to addle sure they are in line with the expected result. The implementation process should involve as many people as possible but it should have one person who is accountable to it. Once the implementation process is complete, the business should take time to reflect on what it has just done and consider whether it has been able to meet the objective of the plan.The final step of a successful business communication is evaluation of the results. One should go back two steps and review what was the objective and aim of carrying out the plan. The results should be evaluated to make sure that they are in line with the expectation. Once the business is satisfied with the result, it should take time to thank everyone who participated in the whole process and reward itself. enceinte BitesSound bites are brief statements that clearly state the aims, purpose, or nature of a certain ware. They are taken from an interview of a person with potentiality such as a politician, a director, or a marketing manager of a certain company. Sound bites are considered to be the most primary(prenominal) point from the interview by the people responsible for editing it and they are inserted into the news broadcast (Whitaker et al 2004 289). For them to be effective they must use splendid self-motivated language, be brief and clear, outstanding and easy to repeat (Mclean, 20102).SlogansSlogans are short and memorable phrases that are used in advertising movements. They are aimed at bill of exchange peoples attention to particular features of a product. The main purpose of a slogan is to emphasize an aspect that a company may wish to be remembered such as marketing its corporate image, product, or its consumer foundation. An effective slogan should give an overview of the benefits of a certain product, it should be direct and brief, give an implausible notion about the product or brand, and it should make the consumer feel a need for the product (Shimp, 2008220).A slogan portrays the best image of a product. It should make a product appear as the best in the market. Examples of such slogans include Guinness is good for you, Gillette- the best a man can get, Persil -washes whiter. Some slogans used in water conservation include conserve water and conserve life, cut one tree, plant t wo, rainwater tank, wont break the coast. The message in slogans is aimed for a specific purpose and for specific audience. An example of a reproductive slogan is keep that school girl completion Palmolive soap. For excerption obey your thirst spirit, for a specific audience choosy mother choose Jif Jif peanuts butter (Saad, 2007156).ConclusionBusiness communication is vital in business success. For communication to be effective it should embrace good relationships with major stakeholders of a business. One has to establish the weakness in business communication, address these weaknesses and allow elbow room for listening. Communication means more than just giving out messages it involves speaking, listening, sending and receiving messages. Listening simply means holding back ones judgment and allowing answers to come from outside. The next step is to prepare a communication plan that is proactive. This is a plan that is prepared after defining a businesss success and getting sol ution from the listening activities then evaluate the results of the plan.Reference ListGuffer, M. E. Almonte, R. (2009) Essentials of Business Communication. C oblige Learning,Guffey, E.M., Rogin, P. and Rhodes, K. (2009) Business Communication Process and Product. Third Brief Canadian Edition. Nelson Education LtdHarvard Business School Press, (2003) Business Communication. Harvard Business Essentials Harvard Business Press.Krizan et al., (2007) Business Communication. Cengage LearningMcLean, S. (2010) Business communication for success Sound bites and quotable quotes Online. Flat world knowledge. Available from http//www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/business-communicatin-success/70245Pride et al. (2009) Business. Gale, engage LearningSaad, G. (2007). The evolutionary bases of consumption. Marketing and consumer psychology series. RoutledgeShimp, T. (2008) Advertising Promotion, and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. Cengage LearningStone, B. Jacobs, R. (2007) S uccessful direct marketing methods interactive, database, and customer-based marketing for digital age. new-made York, McGraw-Hill ProfessionalWhitaker et al., (2004) Media writing print, broadcast, and public relations. New York, Routledge

Detecting Plasma Leakage in Patients with DHF

Detecting Plasma Leakage in Patients with DHFCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONDengue ailment is matchless of the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world.Dengue has become a major international public health concern. The incidence of breakb angiotensin-converting enzyme fever has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Over 2.5 billion people over 40% of the worlds population atomic number 18 now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates in that location may be 50100 million dengue infections worldwide every year.Dengue is hereditary to humans by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes. According to WHO (2014), Dengue causes a severe flu-like illness, and sometimes a potentially lethal complication called dengue haemorrhagic fever. About 2.5% of those that argon infected by dengue die since dengue has neither treatment nor vaccination.Plasma fountain is the major cause of mortality and unwholesomeness in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. So that early recognition of plasm leakage and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment argon vital. There are only few explorees which are done for plasm leakage detection in patients with DHF.Dengue virus infections may be asymptomatic or may lead to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF) or Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) with plasma leakage that may lead to Dengue shock syndrome (DSS).DF is by and large an acute febrile illness, with severe headache, myalgia, arthralgia and rashes. Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia may similarly be observed. Although DF may be benign, it could be an incapacitating disease with severe headache, muscle and articulatio and bone pains. Occasionally unusual haemorrhage such as gastroin rillinal bleeding, hypermenorrhea and massive epistaxis may occur.Undifferentiated fever and classical dengue fever can be managed as any other viral fever with symptomatic treatment. However, often it is difficult to differentiate DF from DHF in the early course (febrile phase) of the illness.DHF is characterized by the acute onset of high fever and is associated with signs and symptoms similar to DF in the early febrile phase. Plasma leakage is the hallmark of DHF which occurs soon after the decision of the febrile phase. There is a tendency to develop DSS due to plasma leakage. Therefore suspected DF and DHF patients should be closely monitored to identify patients with DHF.The degree and the rate of plasma leakage in DHF can vary. It can be minimal in some patients while in others it can be very significant. The leak ordinarily starts slowly, increases gradually, slows down and then ceases altogether at the end of leakage phase (usually within 48 hours from the onset).(Ministry of Health, 2012)1.1 Description of the Research projectThe main purpose of this research study was to design a system to detect the plasma leakage in patients with DHF by analyzing patients health check records .Further, by usi ng this system doctors can interpose early treatment of shock.In recent years machine education methods have been widely used in medical diagnosis. Medical diagnosis is one of major problem in medical application. Several research groups are working world wide on the development of neural entanglements in medical diagnosis. Neural net profits are used to increase the accuracy and objectivity of medical diagnosis.Detecting plasma leakage is considered as a non-linear problem that shows the complex causal affinity surrounded by the variables. However, an drippy neural network that is suitable for problems of extreme complexity not addressable with conventional technologies, either by the conventional computer computer programming or statistical method.In this research project multilayer feed forward neural network was used to train and test medical records of patients with DHF and DF. The trained network used to test more records of DHF patients to see the network performance and in order to make system practical to use in a touchable time hospital setting. The diagnostic performance of the proposed network is validated with Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity.1.2 Literature Survey1.2.1 Current methods for plasma leakage detection1.2.1.1 HemoconcentrationCurrently, clinical identification of plasma leakage is difficult until DHF develops. The most common method of monitoring leakage relies on identification of haemo-concentration, unflinching by tracking changes in HCT measurements, with a rise of more than 20% from baseline considered evidence of significant leakage. However, this method can be rather insensitive, particularly if the patient is receiving parenteral fluid therapy, and it is also limited by the fact that an individuals baseline appraise is rarely known.(Ministry of Health, 2012)1.2.1.2 UltrasonographyStudies using ultrasound have demonstrated that pleural effusions, ascites and gall bladder wall oedema are common during the critical phase, and correlate with disease severity. In addition, serial ultrasound studies indicate that subclinical plasma leakage can be detected as days 2 to 3 of fever, and is better at predicting likely disease progression than other marker of plasma leakage such as HCT measurements. Gallbladder wall oedema appears to precede the development of ascites and effusions, and may therefore be a helpful early predictor of outcome. Thus ultrasonography is a useful monitoring tool, and where available, should be considered in the overall assessment during the febrile phase. However, there are certain limitations, particularly the lack of defined normal ranges for the parameters of interest, the variability in measurements obtained by different operators, and the lack of specificity of the findings.(Srikiatkhachorn, Krautrachue, Ratanaprakarn, al, 2007)1.2.1.3 white meat X-RayChest roentgen ray is recommended to increase the sensiti vity of detecting pleural effution. Pleural effusion detected clinically may not be obvious in a Chest X Ray (CXR)-PA, but may be seen only in a CXR right lateral decubitus film. (Ministry of Health, 2012)1.2.2 Expert SystemsAn expert system can be divide into two sub-systems the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base repre moves facts and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging capabilitiesCHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY2.1 Vital Parameters2.1.1 PulseThe pulse is how many times a minute that our arteries expand and contract in response to the heart. This rate is exactly equal to the heartbeat.2.1.2 Pulse Pressure2.2 Neural network2.2.1 Artificial Neural network vs Biological Neural earningsAn colored neural network is a mathematical model or computational model based on biological neural network. In other words, it is an ambition of biological neural sys tem. An ANN is a network of highly interconnecting processing elements (neurons) operating in parallel.Natural neurons receive signals through synapses located on the dendrites or tissue layer of the neuron. When the signals received are strong enough (surpass a certain threshold), the neuron is activated and emits a signal though the axon. This signal might be sent to another synapse, and might activate other neurons.(Gershenson,2003)2.2.2 Model of Neural NetworkArtificial neuron is a highly abstracted model of the natural neuron. Inputs of artificial neuron behave like synapse of a biological neuron which are multiplied by weights (strength of the respective signals), and then computed by a mathematical ferment which is called Transfer function (also known as Activation function) in order to determine the activation of the neuron. The model of a neuron also includes an externally employ bias (threshold) that has the effect of lowering or increasing the net foreplay of the activ ation function.2.2.3 Multilayer Feed forward (MLF) Neural NetworkA MLF neural network consists of neurons that are ordered into layers. The first layer is called the input layer, the last layer is called the output layer, and the layers between are conceal layers. A neural network that has no hidden units is called a Perceptron. However, a perceptron can only represent linear functions, so it isnt powerful enough for the kinds of applications. A multilayer feed forward neural network can represent a very broad set of nonlinear functions. Therefore, it is very useful in practice.2.2.4 Transfer functionThe behaviour of an ANN depends on both the weights and transfer function that is specified for the units. There are three transfer functions most commonly used for multilayer networks.2.2.5 Supervised LearningSupervised learning is an approach to find the input-output relationship based from the planning using a set of data. Fig. 2.6 represents the block diagram of supervised learnin g. Learning system is fed with the input data and generates output, which is then compared with the target to compute the error signal by arbitrator. The error is sent to the learning system for further training until the minimum value of error is generated. (Muhammad Akmal Sapon, 2011)2.2.6 Backpropagation AlgorithmThe backpropagation algorithm is used in feed-forward ANNs. Artificial neurons are organized in layers and send their signals forward, and then the errors are propagated backwards. The network receives inputs by neurons in the input layer, and the output of the network is given by the neurons in the output layer. There may be one or more average hidden layers. The backpropagation algorithm used for supervised learning. The network computes the error that is the difference between output and desired target and the backpropagation algorithm calculate how the error depends on the input, output and weights. The backpropagation technique reduces this error, until the ANN lea rns the training data.2.2.7 Training the networkCHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATIONIn this research project Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to analysis the collect data and MATLAB R2013a (8.1.0.604), 64-bit(win64) software was used as a tool to implement and to train the Neural Network.3.1 Data CollectionThe records of 10patients with DHF and 6 patients with DF from September 2013 to April 2014which are obtained from nerve for clinical Management of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic fever government hospital in Negombo. The data consists of amount 1081 instances which 164 instances belonged to the leaking phase and 139 instances belonged to the non-leaking phase. Each data consists of 10 variables such as heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, PCV, Temperature and all are coded as numeric values. The patients are both male and female between 18 to 60 years old and who have over 50kg weight. These measurements are taken at equally spaced time points (hourly) since the patient was admitted to the hospital.3.2 Data breedingOne of the most important parts in data preparation is to determine the outmatch variables that contribute to the decision-making. The data selection step requires some critical knowledge of the problem domain and the underlying data. Therefore, the selections of the variables are based on the advice of the doctors and also the review of the literatures. Even though there are quite a number of variables entered into the Observation Chart, only five variables are identified as the important variables that contribute to the detection of plasma leakage. They are as follows,3.3 Neural Network TrainingThe training method was supervised training. Input vector contained 490 data for leakage phase and 591for non-leakage phase. The respective target for each was2-element class vector with a 1 in the position of the associated leaking or non-leaking. A two-layer feed-forward network with 20 sigmoid hidden neurons was created. The tansig (Tan-Sigmoid) is chosen as the transfer function for both hidden and output layers. The input vectors and target vectors are randomly divided into training, validation and test sets. From input vector 70% are used for training set,15% are used to validate that the network is generalizing and to stop training before overfitting, and the last 15% are used as a completely independent test of network generalization. The network was retrained until the network performance approach a satisfactory level (beyond 85%) of supervised training by using different training algorithms and increasing number of hidden neurons.3.4 TestingThe trained neural network saved and it was used to test the new dataset. The new dataset consist of 50 leakage phase and 50 non-leakage phase data. Correct classifications and misclassifications were recorded.CHAPTER 4 DATA AND ANALYSIS AND RESULTS4.1 PerformancePerformance is measured in terms of mean squared error, and shown in log scale below figure 5.1. It rapi dly decreased as the network was trained. Performance is shown for each of the training, validation and test sets. The version of the network that did best on the validation set is was after training.This figure does not indicate any major problems with the training. The validation and test squirms are very similar.If the test curve had increased significantly before the validation curve increased, then it is possible that some over fitting might have occurred.4.2 disarray MatrixConfusion matrix contains information about actual and predicted classifications done by a classification system for supervised learning system.In confusion matrix, diagonal cells (in ballpark cells) show the number of cases that were correctly classified, and the off-diagonal cells (in red cells) show the misclassified cases. The blue cell in the bottom right shows the total percent of correctly classified cases (in green) and the total percent of misclassified cases (in red). In this study, as shown in above figure 5.2, accuracy of training, testing and validation process are 90.9%, 80.9% and 79.0% respectively. Overall accuracy for correct classification is 87.6% and misclassification is 12.4%.Therefore the results show fairly good recognition.4.3 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curvesThe coloured lines (green and blue) in each axis represent the ROC curves for training, testing and validation. The ROC curve is another visual image of quality of the network. It is a plot of the true positive rate (sensitivity) versus the false positive rate (1-specificity) as the threshold is varied. A perfect test shows points in the upper-left corner, with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In this study, the network performs fairly good.

The Main Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency

The Main Causes Of Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile justness is a system of state bodies that execute justice in cases of crimes and offenses committed by youthfuls, as well as state and private structures conducting monitoring of assortion and rehabilitation of upstart wrongdoers and the stripe of late crime, family well-being and child rights.In 1824 in New York the first reformatory for children was created to protect them from sharing in prison with magnanimous venomouss. In 1831 the Illinois Law foresaw that the punishment of juveniles for indisput commensurate types of crimes should be grand from punishment for adults. In 1869 in Boston (Massachusetts) the court hearing to deal specifically with cases of inconsistencies juveniles was first organized and it was weaponed the first intimacy of the Terms of Probation (educational supervision), becoming later one of the most common and, according to Americans the most effective methods of treatment of juvenile offenders. U.S. Federal Law already contained a requirement of consideration of cases involving minors under the age of 16 years, apart from cases of adult offenders.Later, in July 1899, in scratch under Illinois Law About bedraggled children, street and crime children and about how they atomic number 18 treated the first squirtrens Court was established. Adoption of the Law and the creation of juvenile court was initiated by Lucy Flower, the member of the Chicago Womens Club, Julia Latrop, themember of public brass section Hull House, the society of patronage Visitation and Aid Society. To deal with cases of juveniles new issues were introduced a new concept of law offender as delinquent, which differs from the concept of criminal. This concept has found the consolidation of the status of a juvenile offender, who became the subject of juvenile justice. The first juvenile court was established in Australia (1890), then these courts were established in Canada (1894) and in 1899 in the Uni ted States.In connection with the acute need of the society the League of Nations established in 1919 Child welfare Committee, which considered the rights of children mainly in the context of the measures that need to be taken against street children, slavery, child labor, child trafficking and prostitution of minors. Important role in the organic evolution of favorable standards for the rampart of children in this period played a non-governmental organizations, in particular the International Save the Children Alliance, founded by an Englishwoman Eglantayn Jebb in 1923 by the Council that was set up shortly before the non-governmental organization the International Save the Children Alliance, Children Rights resolving. This Declaration, that was named Geneva Declaration, was approved the next year the fifth Assembly of the League of Nations. In 1924 League of Nations in Geneva, at its 5-th session adopted as proposed by the International Children Care Union the Declaration of t he Rights of the Child. This was the first document in international law for the protection of the rights and interests of children.In the framework of international protection of human rights of United Nation Organizations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in 1966 the International Covenants on Human Rights. The Declaration and the covenants made a number of provisions specifically relating to the rights and interests of children the principle of equality of children, the norms of protection of maternal quality and childhood, to protect children from exploitation, the right of children to get education.Analyses of the causal featureors of criminal behavior of juveniles are complex forms of neighborly behavior, deterministic system of interrelated issues. These issues can be separate up into biological and social.Ancestor of biological trends in criminology was the Italian doctor a psychiatrist and criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1836 1909), who linked the criminal conduct of a man with his anatomy. The hypothesis of the humans of such a relationship had an impact on scientists to find the second half of the 20 century. They are, in particular, the theory of Y-chromosome. In accordance with the norm for women is characterized by a set of chromosome-type XX, for men XY. But sometimes in that respect is a pathology associated with the appearance of an scent outless X or Y-chromosome. Some researchers (Price, Witkin) suggest that the presence of extra Y-chromosome in males apparent movements a tendency to illicit conduct.The phenomenon of crime can be more(prenominal) fully explained in addressing the social issues influencing its composition. Social factors can be divided into two groups macro-and micro social.Macro-factors 1. Low living standards of the most of population, a strong contrast to the distri yetion of income in society. 2. Deficiencies in the development of leisure-time system poor organization of a network of clubs, clubs, sports clubs, the lack of concern for the integration and consolidation in the minors in difficult living conditions and upbringing. 3. Disadvantages of the educational activities of schools and vocational-technical schools. 4. Weaknesses in the employment of minors, as well as training them in the labor collectives. 5. Penetration in youth behavior inconsistent with societal values. An important role is played by the media movies, series, television, newspaper and magazine articles, as well as the Internet.Micro social issues 1.Negative influence of the family. Family is the most important social institutions. It is in the family where the formation of the single(a) adolescent starts. But not all families can be considered to be the favorable background for the development of the child. Contribution of adverse families in juvenile crime by some estimates is 30-35%. 2. Hypo Custody is the lack of proper control over the child, often turning into neglect. 3. Negative influence of informal peer groups. 4. Instigation cause by adult offenders, which, according to the randomized studies, are not less than 30% of cases.As one can easily see from the above mentioned the formation of criminal motivation is affected by a complex of factors. Without knowledge of these factors it is inappropriate to talk about crime prevention, which bequeath be discussed further.United Nations Guidelines for the saloon of Juvenile Delinquency The capital of Saudi Arabia Guidelines proclaims the prevention of juvenile delinquency as the permissibility of the prevention of crime in society. The Riyadh Guidelines provides several takes of implementation of measures to prevent juvenile delinquency The first level of prevention, as general measures, is to promote social justice and equality of opportunity, which, in turn, contributes to eliminate the root causes of crime such as poverty and other forms of marginalization The second lev el of prevention, admeasures to help children belonging to high-risk groups, such as those whose parents are experiencing particular difficulties or neglect their maternal responsibilities The third level of prevention, including measures to avoid unnecessary contact with the formal justice system, as well as measures to prevent repeat offenses.In fact, in Riyadh Guiding Principles as an essential component of the first and second levels of prevention, as well as, perhaps, to a lesser extent, prevention, third level, reflected many of the rights set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. For example, the normal standard of living and access to the educational system, the positive values instilled in children, are both the rights of the child (in the Convention), and elements of the first level of prevention (in the Guidelines). As to the second level of prevention, in this regard, both documents are based on the concept of the primary responsibilities of the family to ensure the welfare, protection and upbringing of the child, that reenforce the obligations of signatories to Convention countries to assist families in fulfilling this role and at the corresponding time to intervene in cases when parents clearly are not willing or able to assume these responsibilities. And by encouraging the adoption of retaliatory measures against the offender, to avoid recourse to legal proceedings, and setting as the primary purpose of any such measures the social reintegration of a child, the Convention thus reflects a problem in the third level of prevention, as outlined in the Guidelines.The consequence of such a similar approach, of course, should be the maximum development of initiatives supported by the community and to the family. This is not a task only for specialists in the field of juvenile justice, and for a simple range of state and public organizations with competence in this area. There is no doubt partly because of the extent of the tasks, res ponsibilities of the organizations need not yet been identified, and actions unsystematic. So prevention and reintegration in the full sense of the word still remain the weakest links in the chain of activities to improve the system of juvenile justice.In practice, efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency are in matter-of-fact identical to the observance and protection of child rights, that are proclaimed by The Convention. This is not surprising, but it is rarely mentioned. Besides, there are still many specialist debating often in spite of the documentary evidences on terms that although are not in every sense of the cause of crime, but at least increase their likelihood. For example, the poverty the absolute and relative in some circles is still considered to be motivation for crime, despite the fact that the Riyadh Guidelines has officially recognized as a factor at the international level.In accordance with one of the sorts, two types of prevention are distinguished prima ry prevention and rehabilitation (secondary) prevention. The main prevention is the object of its impact on young people who have not committed any outlaw(prenominal) acts, and has a impediment nature. Rehabilitation prevention applies to adolescents who have been in contact with the formal system of public justice and is designed to prevent future, perhaps more serious wrongful acts. However, not always possible to track the effectiveness of preventive measures as the percentage of imperfect crime is nowhere recorded.Another classification reflects the prevention of various types of social action and reaction to the growing crime rate. According to this classification, prevention is divided into a punitive, remedial and mechanical. Punitive prevention lies in the threat of punishment, which is intended to intimidate and prevent the commission of criminal acts. Remedial prevention lies in the influence of the causes and factors, which could be a potential trigger for the wrongful conduct. Mechanical prevention is most often used in so-called crime areas, to prevent crime and is enhanced security measures and increased police control. syllabusme of punitive prevention, is widely spread in many countries around the world are trying to curb juvenile delinquency, the emergence of gangs and their involvement in criminal behavior through oversight, including ongoing monitoring by the police, and targeted prosecution. Suppression means active intervention, fully legitimized by the State, it was originally declared as a correct and therefore does not require special justification and absolutely no evaluation of results. The approach from the standpoint of suppression is characterized by the fact that all totally ignores the propaganda of the desired behavior, only suppressing undesirable. External aggression can in many cases only strengthen the cohesion of delinquent adolescent groups, so this kind of prevention makes sense to use when all other measures.In recen t years a growing number of opportunities and the relevance of the participation were caused by local communities in the fight against teenagers and young delinquency. There are programs aimed at education and training groups and representatives of local communities that are experiencing growth in a juvenile delinquency to implement informal control over young people and involving young people in the positive activities.Program of individual and group social and psychological help include camps, group homes, alternative schools, shelters.Particular attention should be given to homeless teenagers, and teenagers who have lost family or relation to it, left without family education, as they are by virtue of adverse events most at risk of involvement in delinquent activity.Implementing preventive programs they should take into account the linkages teenage delinquent groups with adult organized crime. In addition, delinquent groups may exist with members of local communities.Recent studi es have shown that the differentiation of offenders and victims are usually not by sex and age, but by differences within each gender. That is, the perpetrators and victims of the same sex present different types of masculinity or femininity. Thus, when developing prevention programs should be gender noted.At the same time, many preventive measures have not given to the effect that they were expected to give. Especially ineffective is the struggle with membership in teenagers and youth groups (gang). Juvenile delinquency often mistakenly is considered to be an individual phenomenon, and the group aspect is almost ignored. However, delinquent acts are committed mostly by teens in the group, so the preventive work must not take into account the psychology of the individual, and group dynamics.It is also important to pay attention to the specifics of subcultural groups, which will be directed by preventive measures. Recent studies have shown that the differentiation of offenders and vi ctims are usually not by sex and age, and gender differences. At the same time, whilst development of the programs to combat juvenile delinquency, gender police in practice is not considered. Also noteworthy development of the displacement problem of prevention programs from one socio-cultural environment to another.Thus, together with mentioned traditional methods of preventive work, now there are new promising strategies for prevention. Until they become part of a general practice, careful theoretical and practical testing of their capabilities and limitations.Ideas of social reform and work with the person as a priority has the impact on crime prevention and criminal behavior, including recidivism should not move to the background. Historical lessons have clearly demonstrated the lack of direct correlation between lower crime rates and the rate of punishment, as a fundamental means of coercion.In this context, the most acute issues differ from reorientation of criminal policy on the prevention of juvenile delinquency. A special place in this system will hold individual level to prevent delinquency behavior of juveniles. The society now is the witness of the policy of valueless policy. During the next twenty years the program of State Fund should be implemented to promote general social and common specially-criminological prevention ultimately realized by working with each individual juvenile.

To Speak or Not To Speak Essay -- essays papers

To Speak or Not To SpeakImagine, you mother unspoilt given birth to your first infant. Emotions of happiness, love, and excitement surround you and your partner as you adore the newborn baby lying in your arms. You argon so sticking out(p) that the labor went smoothly and to know that your baby was born completely normal, or so the doctors say. However, a couple years later, you are having premonitions that your child is not ontogenesis normally. He is not responding to your voice, nor does he react to loud noises, crashing and banging sounds, sirens, etc. In addition, it is clearly apparent that he is not developing language. by and by coming upon with the pediatrician, you are faced with the harsh reality that your son is deaf. Now what are you going to do? Parents of deaf children have many options to work with the childs deafness the two most common approaches being the verbal approach and the manual(a) approach (ASL). Choosing which approach is a highly controversial iss ue. Utilizing the viva voce regularity of communication (oralism) is an efficient way to help bridge the communication gap between the deaf and hearing worlds.When they first ask that their child is deaf, parents, peculiarly those who are hearing, go through a typical mourning process. This process includes shock, denial, grief, confusion, devastation, and recognition of the problem. Progressing through each of these reactions and acknowledging them is important before the parents can accept the government agency and understand action to be come involved in early intervention work with their child (Ling, 6). Daniel Ling states that the most powerful intervention is that the parents learn to efficaciously interact with their child who has special needs. The parents are with the child all day and all n... ...t the process is long. They should expect miracles, but not right away. It takes time. gist commitment from teachers, parents, and most importantly, the child, is crucial for maximizing the childs ability to communicate with the hearing world. Again, the method of communication to choose is the most important and delicate determination the parents of a deaf child will have to make. These parents need to follow what they believe in their hearts, what they believe is right, and disregard what others may think or tint is right. This child is their own, so they need to do what is best for them. Parents of deaf children must remember that there will always be opposing views pertaining to the oral vs. manual method debate and that people will not always agree with them or support them 100%, but they need to stand menage on one decision and believe in that decision, regardless. To Speak or Not To Speak Essay -- essays papersTo Speak or Not To SpeakImagine, you have just given birth to your first child. Emotions of happiness, love, and excitement surround you and your partner as you adore the newborn baby lying in your arms. You are so r elieved that the labor went smoothly and to know that your baby was born completely normal, or so the doctors say. However, a couple years later, you are having premonitions that your child is not developing normally. He is not responding to your voice, nor does he react to loud noises, crashing and banging sounds, sirens, etc. In addition, it is clearly apparent that he is not developing language. After meeting with the pediatrician, you are faced with the harsh reality that your son is deaf. Now what are you going to do? Parents of deaf children have many options to work with the childs deafness the two most common approaches being the oral approach and the manual approach (ASL). Choosing which approach is a highly controversial issue. Utilizing the oral method of communication (oralism) is an efficient way to help bridge the communication gap between the deaf and hearing worlds.When they first learn that their child is deaf, parents, especially those who are hearing, go through a typical mourning process. This process includes shock, denial, grief, confusion, devastation, and recognition of the problem. Progressing through each of these reactions and acknowledging them is important before the parents can accept the situation and take action to be come involved in early intervention work with their child (Ling, 6). Daniel Ling states that the most powerful intervention is that the parents learn to effectively interact with their child who has special needs. The parents are with the child all day and all n... ...t the process is long. They should expect miracles, but not right away. It takes time. Total dedication from teachers, parents, and most importantly, the child, is crucial for maximizing the childs ability to communicate with the hearing world. Again, the method of communication to choose is the most important and difficult decision the parents of a deaf child will have to make. These parents need to follow what they believe in their hearts, what the y believe is right, and disregard what others may think or feel is right. This child is their own, so they need to do what is best for them. Parents of deaf children must remember that there will always be opposing views pertaining to the oral vs. manual method debate and that people will not always agree with them or support them 100%, but they need to stand firm on one decision and believe in that decision, regardless.

Private Schools vs. Public Schools Essay -- Education

(Thrust for Educational Leadership 1999) wrote Voucher proponents claim that reality school educators could learn a lot from private schools and their superior practices and outcomes. However, a report from the non-partisan Economic Policy Institute has found that the most important variation between schools lays in the event of community in which they are located (affluent, suburban, inner-city), not whether they are private or public.Researchers conducted case studies of eight public and eight private elementary schools in California to determine whether there are any identifiable and transferable private school practices that public schools can adopt to improve student outcomes. They discoverPrivate elementary school employees are not needs more accountable to parents than are public school personnel. Private school expectations for student outcomes are not more clearly defined. Private schools do not provide more meaningful evaluation, supervision or mentoring of teachers, no r are they more selective in hiring teachers than their public school counterparts. Private schools also did not necessarily have more flexibility in firing teachers. Private schools do not necessarily focus more on issues such as values and behavior. Private school innovations do not necessarily stimulate improved practices at the public schools with which they compete. The report found that inner-city private schools shared more characteristics with public schools in low-income communities than with affluent suburban private schools. Likewise, suburban public schools had more in crude with suburban private schools than with urban public schools.The researchers conclude that the reports findings could have importan... ...erybody can get on a team in a smaller school. Similarly, a child who needs more individual attention might benefit because it can customize a childs experience a little more. Finally, I return it is up to each parent to establish what is best for their children . Some children need more attention than others and they learn better in smaller classrooms. What ever highroad you choose make sure your children are getting a good education.References(1999). Differences between public, private schools overstated, study finds. Thrust for Educational Leadership, 29(2), 4. Retrieved from Academic Search pad database.Lawrence, L. (1997, April 28). The pros and cons of public vs. private schools. Christian Science Monitor, p. 12. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database